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Italian Air Force Upgrades from Tornado to F35A Enhancing NATO Role

Italy modernizes its air fleet by replacing Tornado jets with advanced F-35A fighters, boosting NATO interoperability and defense capabilities.

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The Italian Air Force’s Transition from Tornado to F-35A: Modernizing Air Power in a Shifting Global Landscape

The Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare) is undergoing a significant transformation as it phases out its aging fleet of Panavia Tornado jets in favor of the fifth-generation Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II. This transition marks a strategic milestone in Italy’s defense modernization, aligning with broader NATO efforts to enhance interoperability and counter evolving threats.

Originally introduced in the early 1980s, the Tornado played a vital role in Italy’s air capabilities for over four decades. However, the demands of modern warfare, stealth, sensor fusion, and digital interoperability, have rendered the aircraft increasingly obsolete. The F-35A, with its advanced avionics and stealth features, represents a leap forward in tactical airpower, offering Italy a versatile platform capable of fulfilling a wide range of missions.

This article explores the historical context of the Tornado, the specifications and procurement details of the F-35A, recent developments in the Italian Air Force’s transition, and the broader geopolitical and industrial implications of this shift.

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Background: The Panavia Tornado’s Legacy and Decline

The Panavia Tornado was a product of a tri-national collaboration between the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy, aimed at developing a multirole combat aircraft suited for Cold War-era threats. Italy introduced the Tornado IDS (Interdiction/Strike) variant into service in 1982, later expanding its fleet to include the ECR (Electronic Combat/Reconnaissance) and ADV (Air Defence Variant) models.

Throughout its service life, the Tornado proved its worth in numerous operations, including the Gulf War, NATO’s Kosovo campaign, and missions in Afghanistan. Its variable-sweep wing design allowed for both high-speed interception and low-level penetration, making it one of the most versatile aircraft of its time.

However, by the 2010s, the Tornado began to show its age. Maintenance costs increased, and its analog systems lagged behind the digital standards of modern platforms. Italy retired the ADV variant in 2004, replacing it with the Eurofighter Typhoon. The IDS and ECR variants are scheduled for full retirement by 2025, with the 155th Squadron being the last to operate them.

Key Facts and Data: Tornado and F-35A Specifications and Procurement

Panavia Tornado IDS

The Tornado IDS was designed for deep strike missions and could carry a variety of munitions, including precision-guided bombs and anti-radiation missiles. Its specifications include a top speed of Mach 2.34 (2,418 km/h) and an operational range of up to 3,800 km for ferry missions.

Its armament suite included the AGM-88 HARM for SEAD missions, the Storm Shadow cruise missile, and various GBU-series laser-guided bombs. Air-to-air defense was supported by AIM-9L Sidewinders. Despite its robust capabilities, the Tornado’s analog avionics and limited stealth made it less suitable for modern contested environments.

By 2025, the Tornado will have completed 42 years of service in the Italian Air Force, marking the end of an era for a platform once central to NATO’s tactical airpower.

Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II

The F-35A is a fifth-generation multirole stealth fighter developed under the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. Italy, as a Tier 2 partner, has played a significant role in its development and production, including hosting the Cameri Final Assembly and Checkout Facility.

The F-35A’s unit cost is approximately $82.5 million, with a direct operating cost of $42,000 per flight hour. While higher than legacy aircraft like the F-16, these costs reflect the advanced capabilities of the platform, including radar-evading stealth, sensor fusion, and real-time data sharing.

Italy plans to procure a total of 115 F-35s, 60 F-35As and 30 F-35Bs for the Air Force, and 15 F-35Bs for the Navy. Initial Operational Capability (IOC) was declared in 2018, and deliveries have been steadily increasing since then.

“The F-35A is not just a fighter, it’s a data node, a networked platform that changes how we think about airpower.” — General Alberto Rosso, Chief of the Italian Air Force

Recent Developments: Accelerating the F-35 Transition

Expanded F-35 Procurement

Italy’s 2024 defense budget allocated €7 billion (approximately $7.79 billion) for the acquisition of 25 additional F-35s, 15 F-35As and 10 F-35Bs. This brings the total planned fleet to 115 aircraft, up from the originally intended 90. The increase reflects Italy’s commitment to NATO interoperability and the need to counter emerging threats.

This procurement surge is partly driven by rising tensions in Eastern Europe and the Indo-Pacific, where stealth and rapid response capabilities are increasingly valued. Italy’s decision also supports its domestic aerospace sector, particularly through the Cameri assembly line.

By expanding its fleet, Italy is also ensuring a smoother transition from its legacy platforms, allowing for phased retirements and sustained operational readiness during the handover period.

Squadron Reassignments and Infrastructure Upgrades

On July 3, 2025, the 154th Squadron officially transitioned from the Tornado IDS to the F-35A, marking a symbolic end to the Tornado’s operational role in that unit. The squadron now operates four F-35As, with additional aircraft expected in the coming months.

The 155th Squadron remains the last operational unit flying the Tornado IDS and ECR variants, primarily tasked with NATO’s nuclear sharing missions. These roles are expected to transition to the F-35A once full certification is achieved.

Italy is also investing in infrastructure to support the F-35B’s short takeoff and vertical landing capabilities. The Trieste amphibious assault ship is being modified to accommodate these jets, and new facilities are under development at Grottaglie and Decimomannu air bases.

Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP)

In parallel with the F-35 acquisition, Italy is participating in the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP), a sixth-generation fighter initiative with the United Kingdom and Japan. In 2024 alone, Italy allocated €506 million ($563 million) to the program.

GCAP aims to develop a next-generation platform by the 2030s, incorporating AI, advanced sensors, and optionally manned capabilities. Italy’s Leonardo is contributing expertise in avionics and Radar-Systems.

While the F-35 addresses current operational needs, GCAP represents a long-term strategic investment, ensuring Italy remains at the forefront of aerospace innovation and defense technology.

Expert Opinions: Strategic Implications and Challenges

Military Leadership and Industry Perspectives

General Alberto Rosso, Chief of the Italian Air Force, has emphasized the transformative nature of the F-35A, describing it as a “data machine” that enables real-time information sharing among NATO allies. This capability is particularly vital in joint operations and complex threat environments.

Lockheed Martin, the F-35’s manufacturers, has highlighted the importance of Italy’s Cameri facility, which not only assembles Italian jets but also serves as a maintenance hub for European users. This industrial role enhances Italy’s strategic autonomy and economic return on investment.

Analysts note that while the F-35 offers unparalleled capabilities, its operational costs remain a concern. At $42,000 per flight hour, it is significantly more expensive than legacy platforms, necessitating careful budgeting and fleet management.

Supply Chain and Interoperability

Italy’s participation in the F-35 program extends beyond procurement. Its involvement in the European Supply-Chain, through companies like Leonardo, Avio Aero, and others, ensures that a significant portion of the aircraft’s value is retained domestically.

However, supply chain vulnerabilities persist, particularly amid global tensions and export restrictions. Diversifying component sourcing and enhancing domestic production capabilities are ongoing priorities for Italian defense planners.

From an operational standpoint, the F-35’s interoperability with NATO systems enhances Italy’s role in joint missions, from Baltic Air Policing to Mediterranean maritime patrols. Exercises like TLP 18-4 have demonstrated the platform’s ability to integrate seamlessly with allied forces.

Global and Industry Context: NATO’s Fifth-Generation Dominance

Italy’s F-35 procurement is part of a broader NATO trend toward fifth-generation airpower. Fifteen member states are either operating or acquiring the F-35, making it a cornerstone of the alliance’s future force structure.

As peer competitors like Russia and China develop stealth and hypersonic technologies, NATO’s investment in platforms like the F-35 is seen as essential to maintaining air superiority and deterrence capabilities.

Italy’s dual-track approach, modernizing with the F-35 while investing in GCAP, positions it as a key player in the future of European defense. This strategy balances immediate operational needs with long-term innovation and industrial growth.

Conclusion

The Italian Air Force’s transition from the Panavia Tornado to the F-35A Lightning II represents more than a technological upgrade, it is a strategic realignment toward modern warfare’s demands. With enhanced stealth, sensor fusion, and interoperability, the F-35A offers capabilities that far exceed those of its predecessor.

As Italy continues to expand its F-35 fleet and invest in next-generation platforms like GCAP, it reinforces its commitment to NATO and its role as a leading European airpower. The challenges of cost and complexity are real, but so too are the opportunities for innovation, collaboration, and strategic deterrence.

FAQ

When will the Italian Air Force retire its last Tornado jet?
The last Tornado IDS is expected to be retired by 2025, with the 155th Squadron currently operating the final units.

How many F-35s is Italy planning to acquire?
Italy plans to procure 115 F-35s: 60 F-35As and 30 F-35Bs for the Air Force, and 15 F-35Bs for the Navy.

What is the purpose of the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP)?
GCAP is a sixth-generation fighter development initiative involving Italy, the UK, and Japan, aimed at creating an advanced combat aircraft by the 2030s.

Sources:
The Aviationist,
The Defense Post,
Wikipedia,
National Interest,
Zona Militar,
Defence Industry Europe,
Wikipedia,
The Aviationist,
The Aviationist,
Pickled Wings,
Air & Space Forces,
AeroTime,
Fly a Jet Fighter,
Defense News,
Wikipedia,
The Aviationist,
Aeronautica Militare

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U.S. Army Validates AH-64E Apache Maritime Lifting Sling

The U.S. Army validated a lifting sling for the AH-64E Apache, enabling crane-based maritime loading with rotor blades folded.

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U.S. Army Validates AH-64E Apache Maritime Lifting Sling

The U.S. Army has successfully validated a prototype lifting sling for the Boeing AH-64E Apache, clearing the attack helicopter for crane-based maritime loading and unloading with its main rotor blades folded.

Announced on October 21, 2026, by the Apache Helicopter Project Office, the validation fulfills the final transportability requirement outlined in the aircraft’s Capability Production Document (CPD). The milestone significantly expands the Army’s expeditionary logistics options by reducing reliance on specialized port infrastructure.

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Expanding maritime logistics capabilities

Prior to this validation, maritime deployment of the Apache fleet often depended on Roll-On/Roll-Off (RORO) vessels or specialized dock facilities equipped with ramps capable of supporting towed aircraft. The new sling, engineered by industry partner ASRC Federal, allows the AH-64E to be hoisted using standard harbor and shipboard cranes.

This Lift-On/Lift-Off (LOLO) capability mitigates transit bottlenecks and lowers vessel charter costs by opening access to a wider range of global seaports. The U.S. Army stated that the ability to load and unload the aircraft with its main rotor blades folded is a major milestone for expeditionary mobility.

Prototype validation and next steps

The validation exercise took place at Fort Hood, Texas, overseen by the Apache Project Management Transportability Team based at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. During the testing, the team successfully demonstrated the safe hoisting of the AH-64E using the ASRC Federal prototype hardware.

Following the exercise, the test team identified minor adjustments required before full production. These modifications include the addition of protective padding to prevent the hoisting cable from contacting the main rotor blades during lifting operations. Once these adjustments are validated, ASRC Federal will manufacture and deliver five contracted production prototypes to the U.S. Army.

The AH-64E Apache global footprint

Manufactured by The Boeing Company, the AH-64 Apache has served as the primary attack helicopters for the U.S. Army since 1984. The AH-64E is the latest variant, featuring upgraded sensors, software, and weapons performance. The U.S. Army is currently modernizing its fleet to the AH-64E Version 6.5 standard while gradually retiring older AH-64D models.

The global Apache fleet consists of more than 1,280 aircraft operating across 19 defense forces. In March 2023, Boeing reported the U.S. Army fleet had surpassed 5 million total flight hours.

International demand for the platform remains active. On August 11, 2026, Boeing signed offset agreements with Polish industry partners to build a long-term sustainment infrastructure supporting Poland’s incoming fleet of 96 AH-64E helicopters.

AirPro News analysis

The shift from RORO dependency to LOLO capability represents a critical logistical upgrade for U.S. Army aviation. As military planners focus on distributed operations and expeditionary mobility, the ability to utilize commercial container ports and standard maritime cranes reduces reliance on specialized military sealift vessels. This transportability milestone ensures the AH-64E can be deployed more rapidly and flexibly in contested or infrastructure-limited theaters.

Photo Credit: United States Army – Courtesy

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GA-ASI and Spirit Defense Partner on FQ-42 Vengeance CCA

GA-ASI and Spirit Defense team up to manufacture the FQ-42 Vengeance airframe as the USAF targets 500 CCAs by 2032.

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GA-ASI and Spirit Defense Partner on FQ-42 Vengeance CCA

General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI) and Spirit Defense have formed a strategic partnership to manufacture the airframe for the U.S. Air Force’s FQ-42 Vengeance Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA).

Announced in an October 23, 2026, press release, the agreement designates Spirit Defense, a Boeing Company, as a fuselage design-build partner. The collaboration aims to expand manufacturing capacity and establish production resilience as the U.S. Air Force (USAF) accelerates its uncrewed fighter program toward a goal of fielding hundreds of aircraft by the next decade.

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Scaling production for the uncrewed fleet

The partnership connects GA-ASI headquarters in San Diego, California, with Spirit Defense operations in Wichita, Kansas. Spirit Defense operates as an independent supplier to the defense industry, providing engineering, manufacturing, and lifecycle support for military programs. By integrating Spirit Defense into the supply chain, GA-ASI intends to reduce the risk of single points of failure and increase the industrial depth required for high-volume production.

GA-ASI recently completed a new low-observable paint facility to support the CCA program and stated it is currently positioned to deliver six aircraft per month to meet initial USAF objectives. The addition of Spirit Defense is designed to scale that output further.

David R. Alexander, President of GA-ASI, highlighted the strategic necessity of the agreement in meeting military requirements.

“We’re excited to be working with Spirit Defense. We’ve established our proven design, development, and manufacturing capability for the FQ-42. With Spirit Defense we add capacity, which is exactly the kind of production resilience our U.S. Air Force customer is looking for with its CCA ramp-up. This kind of partnership represents the scalable industrial base the Air Force and the U.S. Department of [Defense] are looking for from industry.”

Keith Schrader, President and CEO of Spirit Defense, confirmed the company’s readiness to support the airframe build.

“We’re proud to bring deep manufacturing expertise and proven capabilities to this important program. Our team understands the responsibility that comes with supporting critical national defense programs, and we’re ready to deliver for our customer and the warfighter.”

The FQ-42 Vengeance in testing and evaluation

The FQ-42 Vengeance is a purpose-built, fifth-generation uncrewed fighter developed to operate alongside crewed aircraft in semi-autonomous combat roles. The design features an internal weapons bay, low observability, and a modular architecture intended for the rapid integration of mission systems and autonomy software.

On September 18, 2026, GA-ASI delivered a new FQ-42 Vengeance to Creech Air Force Base in Nevada to support continued USAF test, evaluation, and experimentation. The aircraft has already participated in formation flights with crewed fighters, including the F-35 Lightning II and the F-15E Strike Eagle.

Secretary of the Air Force Troy Meink officially named the aircraft “Vengeance” on September 14, 2026. The aircraft was previously known internally as Dark Merlin. During the naming announcement, Meink emphasized the rapid pace of the acquisition program.

“Today, the first FQ-42 and FQ-44 increments are already rolling off the assembly line,” Meink stated. “They’ll be performing many of the same missions that we do with manned fighters today.”

Evolution of the Collaborative Combat Aircraft initiative

The USAF Collaborative Combat Aircraft program is designed to field affordable, semi-autonomous drones to augment crewed fighter squadrons. The target unit cost for the aircraft at full-rate production is approximately $20 million.

GA-ASI was selected by the USAF in April 2024 to build production-representative flight test articles for the program. The FQ-42 Vengeance completed its maiden flight in August 2025, and GA-ASI secured an initial production contract from the USAF in June 2026. The FQ-42 is one of two primary designs selected for the first increment of CCA production, alongside Anduril Industries’ FQ-44 Fury.

The scope of the CCA program has expanded significantly since its inception. Initial projections called for 150 aircraft, but on September 14, 2026, the USAF confirmed a revised goal to field at least 500 Collaborative Combat Aircraft by 2032.

Mike Shortsleeve, Vice President for Strategy Business Development at GA-ASI, addressed the increased production targets following the USAF announcement.

“The intent for them is to go up to as many as 500 aircraft by 2032,” Shortsleeve said. “We’re ready to do that production.”

GA-ASI has operated as a sole manufacturer of its Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) line since its founding in 1992. Over 30 years, the company’s Predator line has logged more than 9 million flight hours across platforms including the MQ-1C Gray Eagle, MQ-9A Reaper, MQ-9B SkyGuardian/SeaGuardian, and the MQ-20 Avenger.

Beyond the domestic FQ-42 program, GA-ASI is engaged in discussions with international militaries regarding the Gambit Series. The Gambit Series is a family of modular CCAs derived from the FQ-42, the XQ-67A Off-Board Sensing Station, and the MQ-20 Avenger, optimized for electronic warfare, suppression and destruction of enemy air defenses, and stand-off precision strike missions.

AirPro News analysis

The partnership between GA-ASI and Spirit Defense illustrates the central challenge of the Collaborative Combat Aircraft program: industrial capacity. Designing a capable uncrewed fighter is only half the mandate; the other half is manufacturing it at a scale and price point that traditional defense primes have struggled to achieve with crewed aircraft. By bringing a Boeing subsidiary into the fold for fuselage production, GA-ASI is signaling to the Department of Defense that it can meet the aggressive 2032 target of 500 aircraft without requiring massive, unilateral capital expenditure.

This distributed manufacturing approach also directly addresses the Pentagon’s ongoing concerns regarding supply chain fragility. Relying on a single facility in San Diego for a critical next-generation platform presents a strategic vulnerability. Distributing the airframe build to Wichita builds redundancy into the program while leveraging existing aerospace manufacturing infrastructure, a model that will likely become standard as the USAF pushes for higher volumes of attritable or semi-attritable autonomous systems.

Photo Credit: General Atomics

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US Air Force Awards Natilus $3.5M for KONA BWB Freighter

The U.S. Air Force awarded Natilus $3.5M to adapt its KONA blended-wing-body freighter for contested logistics in the Indo-Pacific.

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US Air Force Awards Natilus $3.5M for KONA BWB Freighter

The U.S. Department of the Air Force awarded San Diego-based aerospace manufacturer Natilus a $3.5 million contract on October 21, 2026, to accelerate the development of its KONA blended-wing-body regional freighter for military applications.

The Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) funding, directed through the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Energy, Installations, and Environment and the Operational Energy – Innovation office, aims to adapt the commercial Cargo aircraft for contested logistics. The investment targets operations in fuel-constrained theaters such as the Indo-Pacific.

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Bridging the sub-tactical lift gap

Military planners are evaluating the KONA to fill a specific operational gap in the Indo-Pacific theater, where long distances and constrained fuel supplies complicate supply chains. The aircraft is positioned to provide sub-tactical lift, operating in a capacity tier between light utility aircraft like the Cessna C-208 and larger tactical airlifters such as the Lockheed Martin C-130 Hercules.

In a press release announcing the contract, Natilus chief executive officer Aleksey Matyushev stated that the KONA platform will allow the military to gather real-world data on payload, utilization, and reliability as its broader airlift requirements mature. The modular architecture of the optionally piloted aircraft allows for multiple military applications beyond cargo transport, including communications relay, specialized payload delivery, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions.

Blended-wing-body efficiency and specifications

The core of the Natilus design is its blended-wing-body (BWB) architecture, which merges the wings and fuselage to generate additional lift and reduce aerodynamic drag. According to the manufacturer, this design yields a 30 percent reduction in fuel consumption and a 50 percent reduction in operational costs compared to conventional tube-and-wing aircraft of similar size. The KONA is designed to carry a 3.8-ton payload over a range of 800 nautical miles, offering a 40 percent increase in volumetric capacity over traditional counterparts.

Speaking to Air & Space Forces Magazine, Natilus chief operating officer Nolan Giblin highlighted the operational mathematics of the design.

“When you couple the aerodynamic efficiency of about 30 percent reduction in fuel with the added volumetric capacity, it really boils down to moving more for less,” Giblin told the publication.

The fuel efficiency metrics are particularly relevant to the Air Force’s Agile Combat Employment doctrine, which requires distributing forces across remote or austere locations that lack established fuel infrastructure. The KONA is also designed for short-field operations and compatibility with existing cargo handling equipment.

Natilus background and commercial timeline

Founded in 2016, Natilus has focused primarily on the commercial air cargo market, developing a family of BWB freighters. The company reports having secured more than 570 aircraft pre-orders valued at approximately $24 billion. The engineering team draws personnel from established aerospace manufacturers including Boeing, General Atomics, Northrop Grumman, and Scaled Composites.

While the Air Force funding accelerates the military evaluation of the KONA, the aircraft remains fundamentally a dual-use platform. Matyushev noted that the accelerated operational timeline made possible by the Air Force investment will prove the aircraft’s flexibility and efficiency to the Joint Force, even as the company continues to target the global commercial sector.

The development timeline has experienced adjustments. Aviation International News reported that the target date for the first flight of the full-scale KONA prototype has shifted to late 2027 or early 2028, a delay from an initial target of 2026. The company is targeting commercial service entry by the end of the decade.

The Natilus contract follows broader Air Force investments in BWB technology. In 2023, the service launched a demonstrator program with JetZero to develop a larger BWB aircraft, designated the Z4, which is expected to begin flight testing in 2027.

AirPro News analysis

The $3.5 million contract awarded to Natilus is a modest sum in the context of defense procurement, but it signals a continued strategic pivot by the U.S. Air Force toward blended-wing-body architectures. Following the larger JetZero demonstrator contract in 2023, funding the KONA indicates that military planners are exploring aerodynamic efficiencies across multiple weight classes, rather than limiting the technology to strategic airlifters or aerial refueling tankers.

The explicit focus on sub-tactical lift highlights a recognized logistical vulnerability in the Indo-Pacific. Distributing supplies across vast island chains under the Agile Combat Employment doctrine requires platforms that are more capable than light utility turboprops but less resource-intensive than a C-130 Hercules. If the KONA can deliver its promised 30 percent fuel reduction and operate from short, austere runways, it could provide a highly efficient node in a dispersed logistics network. The optionally piloted design also aligns with the military’s broader push toward autonomous and uncrewed systems to reduce risk to personnel in contested environments.

Photo Credit: Natilus

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