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Italian Air Force Upgrades from Tornado to F35A Enhancing NATO Role

Italy modernizes its air fleet by replacing Tornado jets with advanced F-35A fighters, boosting NATO interoperability and defense capabilities.

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The Italian Air Force’s Transition from Tornado to F-35A: Modernizing Air Power in a Shifting Global Landscape

The Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare) is undergoing a significant transformation as it phases out its aging fleet of Panavia Tornado jets in favor of the fifth-generation Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II. This transition marks a strategic milestone in Italy’s defense modernization, aligning with broader NATO efforts to enhance interoperability and counter evolving threats.

Originally introduced in the early 1980s, the Tornado played a vital role in Italy’s air capabilities for over four decades. However, the demands of modern warfare, stealth, sensor fusion, and digital interoperability, have rendered the aircraft increasingly obsolete. The F-35A, with its advanced avionics and stealth features, represents a leap forward in tactical airpower, offering Italy a versatile platform capable of fulfilling a wide range of missions.

This article explores the historical context of the Tornado, the specifications and procurement details of the F-35A, recent developments in the Italian Air Force’s transition, and the broader geopolitical and industrial implications of this shift.

Background: The Panavia Tornado’s Legacy and Decline

The Panavia Tornado was a product of a tri-national collaboration between the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy, aimed at developing a multirole combat aircraft suited for Cold War-era threats. Italy introduced the Tornado IDS (Interdiction/Strike) variant into service in 1982, later expanding its fleet to include the ECR (Electronic Combat/Reconnaissance) and ADV (Air Defence Variant) models.

Throughout its service life, the Tornado proved its worth in numerous operations, including the Gulf War, NATO’s Kosovo campaign, and missions in Afghanistan. Its variable-sweep wing design allowed for both high-speed interception and low-level penetration, making it one of the most versatile aircraft of its time.

However, by the 2010s, the Tornado began to show its age. Maintenance costs increased, and its analog systems lagged behind the digital standards of modern platforms. Italy retired the ADV variant in 2004, replacing it with the Eurofighter Typhoon. The IDS and ECR variants are scheduled for full retirement by 2025, with the 155th Squadron being the last to operate them.

Key Facts and Data: Tornado and F-35A Specifications and Procurement

Panavia Tornado IDS

The Tornado IDS was designed for deep strike missions and could carry a variety of munitions, including precision-guided bombs and anti-radiation missiles. Its specifications include a top speed of Mach 2.34 (2,418 km/h) and an operational range of up to 3,800 km for ferry missions.

Its armament suite included the AGM-88 HARM for SEAD missions, the Storm Shadow cruise missile, and various GBU-series laser-guided bombs. Air-to-air defense was supported by AIM-9L Sidewinders. Despite its robust capabilities, the Tornado’s analog avionics and limited stealth made it less suitable for modern contested environments.

By 2025, the Tornado will have completed 42 years of service in the Italian Air Force, marking the end of an era for a platform once central to NATO’s tactical airpower.

Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II

The F-35A is a fifth-generation multirole stealth fighter developed under the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. Italy, as a Tier 2 partner, has played a significant role in its development and production, including hosting the Cameri Final Assembly and Checkout Facility.

The F-35A’s unit cost is approximately $82.5 million, with a direct operating cost of $42,000 per flight hour. While higher than legacy aircraft like the F-16, these costs reflect the advanced capabilities of the platform, including radar-evading stealth, sensor fusion, and real-time data sharing.

Italy plans to procure a total of 115 F-35s, 60 F-35As and 30 F-35Bs for the Air Force, and 15 F-35Bs for the Navy. Initial Operational Capability (IOC) was declared in 2018, and deliveries have been steadily increasing since then.

“The F-35A is not just a fighter, it’s a data node, a networked platform that changes how we think about airpower.” — General Alberto Rosso, Chief of the Italian Air Force

Recent Developments: Accelerating the F-35 Transition

Expanded F-35 Procurement

Italy’s 2024 defense budget allocated €7 billion (approximately $7.79 billion) for the acquisition of 25 additional F-35s, 15 F-35As and 10 F-35Bs. This brings the total planned fleet to 115 aircraft, up from the originally intended 90. The increase reflects Italy’s commitment to NATO interoperability and the need to counter emerging threats.

This procurement surge is partly driven by rising tensions in Eastern Europe and the Indo-Pacific, where stealth and rapid response capabilities are increasingly valued. Italy’s decision also supports its domestic aerospace sector, particularly through the Cameri assembly line.

By expanding its fleet, Italy is also ensuring a smoother transition from its legacy platforms, allowing for phased retirements and sustained operational readiness during the handover period.

Squadron Reassignments and Infrastructure Upgrades

On July 3, 2025, the 154th Squadron officially transitioned from the Tornado IDS to the F-35A, marking a symbolic end to the Tornado’s operational role in that unit. The squadron now operates four F-35As, with additional aircraft expected in the coming months.

The 155th Squadron remains the last operational unit flying the Tornado IDS and ECR variants, primarily tasked with NATO’s nuclear sharing missions. These roles are expected to transition to the F-35A once full certification is achieved.

Italy is also investing in infrastructure to support the F-35B’s short takeoff and vertical landing capabilities. The Trieste amphibious assault ship is being modified to accommodate these jets, and new facilities are under development at Grottaglie and Decimomannu air bases.

Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP)

In parallel with the F-35 acquisition, Italy is participating in the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP), a sixth-generation fighter initiative with the United Kingdom and Japan. In 2024 alone, Italy allocated €506 million ($563 million) to the program.

GCAP aims to develop a next-generation platform by the 2030s, incorporating AI, advanced sensors, and optionally manned capabilities. Italy’s Leonardo is contributing expertise in avionics and Radar-Systems.

While the F-35 addresses current operational needs, GCAP represents a long-term strategic investment, ensuring Italy remains at the forefront of aerospace innovation and defense technology.

Expert Opinions: Strategic Implications and Challenges

Military Leadership and Industry Perspectives

General Alberto Rosso, Chief of the Italian Air Force, has emphasized the transformative nature of the F-35A, describing it as a “data machine” that enables real-time information sharing among NATO allies. This capability is particularly vital in joint operations and complex threat environments.

Lockheed Martin, the F-35’s manufacturers, has highlighted the importance of Italy’s Cameri facility, which not only assembles Italian jets but also serves as a maintenance hub for European users. This industrial role enhances Italy’s strategic autonomy and economic return on investment.

Analysts note that while the F-35 offers unparalleled capabilities, its operational costs remain a concern. At $42,000 per flight hour, it is significantly more expensive than legacy platforms, necessitating careful budgeting and fleet management.

Supply Chain and Interoperability

Italy’s participation in the F-35 program extends beyond procurement. Its involvement in the European Supply-Chain, through companies like Leonardo, Avio Aero, and others, ensures that a significant portion of the aircraft’s value is retained domestically.

However, supply chain vulnerabilities persist, particularly amid global tensions and export restrictions. Diversifying component sourcing and enhancing domestic production capabilities are ongoing priorities for Italian defense planners.

From an operational standpoint, the F-35’s interoperability with NATO systems enhances Italy’s role in joint missions, from Baltic Air Policing to Mediterranean maritime patrols. Exercises like TLP 18-4 have demonstrated the platform’s ability to integrate seamlessly with allied forces.

Global and Industry Context: NATO’s Fifth-Generation Dominance

Italy’s F-35 procurement is part of a broader NATO trend toward fifth-generation airpower. Fifteen member states are either operating or acquiring the F-35, making it a cornerstone of the alliance’s future force structure.

As peer competitors like Russia and China develop stealth and hypersonic technologies, NATO’s investment in platforms like the F-35 is seen as essential to maintaining air superiority and deterrence capabilities.

Italy’s dual-track approach, modernizing with the F-35 while investing in GCAP, positions it as a key player in the future of European defense. This strategy balances immediate operational needs with long-term innovation and industrial growth.

Conclusion

The Italian Air Force’s transition from the Panavia Tornado to the F-35A Lightning II represents more than a technological upgrade, it is a strategic realignment toward modern warfare’s demands. With enhanced stealth, sensor fusion, and interoperability, the F-35A offers capabilities that far exceed those of its predecessor.

As Italy continues to expand its F-35 fleet and invest in next-generation platforms like GCAP, it reinforces its commitment to NATO and its role as a leading European airpower. The challenges of cost and complexity are real, but so too are the opportunities for innovation, collaboration, and strategic deterrence.

FAQ

When will the Italian Air Force retire its last Tornado jet?
The last Tornado IDS is expected to be retired by 2025, with the 155th Squadron currently operating the final units.

How many F-35s is Italy planning to acquire?
Italy plans to procure 115 F-35s: 60 F-35As and 30 F-35Bs for the Air Force, and 15 F-35Bs for the Navy.

What is the purpose of the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP)?
GCAP is a sixth-generation fighter development initiative involving Italy, the UK, and Japan, aimed at creating an advanced combat aircraft by the 2030s.

Sources:
The Aviationist,
The Defense Post,
Wikipedia,
National Interest,
Zona Militar,
Defence Industry Europe,
Wikipedia,
The Aviationist,
The Aviationist,
Pickled Wings,
Air & Space Forces,
AeroTime,
Fly a Jet Fighter,
Defense News,
Wikipedia,
The Aviationist,
Aeronautica Militare

Photo Credit: AirPro News Montage

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NATO Expected to Select Saab GlobalEye to Replace AWACS Fleet

NATO is set to announce the Saab GlobalEye as its E-3A Sentry replacement at the July 2026 Ankara summit, bypassing Boeing’s E-7 Wedgetail.

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This article summarizes reporting by Reuters by Sabine Siebold and Tim Hepher.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is preparing to select the Saab GlobalEye to replace its aging fleet of Boeing E-3A Sentry airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft, marking a significant shift toward European defense procurement. The official announcement is expected during the upcoming NATO summit in Ankara, Turkey, scheduled for July 7 and 8, 2026.

According to reporting by Reuters, four sources familiar with the matter indicated that the alliance will pivot away from its previous intention to acquire the Boeing E-7 Wedgetail. The decision represents a major defense contract for Sweden-based Saab AB and a notable setback for The Boeing Company in the airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) market. Neither NATO nor Saab has officially commented on the pending announcement.

Transitioning from the E-3A Sentry

NATO currently operates a fleet of 14 Boeing E-3A Sentry AWACS aircraft. Based at Geilenkirchen Air Base in Germany, these aircraft have been in service since 1982 and are approaching the end of their operational lifespan. The Saab GlobalEye, which completed its first flight in 2018, utilizes a modified Bombardier Global 6000 or 6500 business jet airframe equipped with Saab’s Erieye extended-range radar system.

The Boeing E-7 Wedgetail fallout

The anticipated selection of the GlobalEye follows a series of procurement shifts regarding the Boeing E-7 Wedgetail. NATO had initially planned to purchase six E-7 aircraft to replace the E-3A Sentry fleet. The alliance abandoned this plan in 2025 after the United States Department of Defense (Pentagon) canceled its own procurement of 26 Wedgetails in favor of satellite-based surveillance networks.

U.S. Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth indicated to Congress in May 2026 that the Pentagon is attempting to reinstate the E-7 into the budget following pressure from U.S. lawmakers. Despite these efforts, international momentum appears to be shifting toward the Swedish manufacturer. On May 27, 2026, Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney announced that the Government of Canada had entered formal negotiations with Saab as the preferred supplier for its own AEW&C program, bypassing the Boeing platform.

AirPro News analysis

We view NATO’s expected selection of the Saab GlobalEye as a critical indicator of changing procurement dynamics within the alliance. Historically, NATO has relied heavily on U.S.-manufactured heavy surveillance platforms. The shift to a European-integrated system on a Canadian business jet airframe suggests a growing preference for diversified defense supply chains and potentially lower operating costs compared to commercial airliner-based platforms like the E-7. If confirmed at the Ankara summit, this contract will solidify Saab’s position as a primary competitor in the global AEW&C market while placing additional pressure on Boeing’s defense sector to secure international orders for the Wedgetail program.

Sources: Reuters

Photo Credit: Saab

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UK Commits 5 Billion to Drones in 298 Billion Defence Plan

The UK Ministry of Defence unveils a 298 billion Defence Investment Plan, including 5 billion for uncrewed and autonomous systems.

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The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence committed £5 billion to uncrewed and autonomous systems as part of a broader £298 billion Defence Investment Plan unveiled on June 29 and June 30, 2026. The funding marks the largest drones procurement initiative in British military history, signaling a strategic pivot toward hybrid crewed and uncrewed operations across the Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, and British Army.

Announced by Prime Minister Keir Starmer and Defence Secretary Dan Jarvis, the four-year spending blueprint aims to modernize depleted armed forces by applying direct lessons from recent conflicts. According to official government statements, the plan establishes a new Uncrewed Systems Taskforce to accelerate the deployment of autonomous capabilities and includes the opening of Europe’s largest drone testing facility, the Uncrewed Systems Centre, in Swindon, England.

Strategic shift toward autonomous warfare

The £5 billion allocation specifically targets the rapid acquisition and deployment of strike, protector, and surveillance drones. The Ministry of Defence explicitly cited the ongoing war in Ukraine, where forces consume approximately 200,000 drones per month, and recent Middle East conflicts involving the launch of up to 700 offensive drones per day, as the primary drivers for this doctrinal shift.

Defence Secretary Dan Jarvis outlined the scope of the hardware acquisition during his parliamentary statement, noting the funding will cover anti-submarine vessels, uncrewed ground vehicles, and autonomous systems designed to operate alongside traditional fighter jets.

In a press release detailing the operational integration of these new assets, the Ministry of Defence stated:

“The £5 billion investment will see Britain build a flexible, integrated force with attack drones flying alongside Army helicopters, RAF jets made invisible from enemy detection with new drones, and a hybrid Royal Navy made up of crewed and uncrewed vessels.”

Aerospace and naval procurement allocations

Beyond the dedicated drone funding, the Defence Investment Plan outlines significant capital for traditional and next-generation aerospace programs. The government allocated £8.6 billion to the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP), a joint venture with Italy and Japan to develop the Tempest sixth-generation fighter jet. An additional £300 million is earmarked specifically for the development of Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA), which will fly in tandem with crewed fighters.

The broader £298 billion package, which targets a defense spending level of 2.7 percent of the national gross domestic product, includes £64 billion to renew the nuclear deterrent, build new submarines, and procure Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning jets. Space capabilities will receive £3.2 billion, while £11 billion is dedicated to replenishing munitions and weapons stockpiles.

The integration of autonomous systems is also reshaping naval procurement. Defense industry reports indicate the Royal Navy is shifting its surface fleet strategy, opting to forgo the previously planned Type 83 destroyers. Instead, the service will pursue at least six new hybrid air defense warships engineered specifically to operate in concert with uncrewed maritime vessels.

AirPro News analysis

We note that while the UK government is framing the £15 billion funding boost over previous budget estimates as a historic modernization effort, it falls short of the £28 billion originally requested by defense officials. This discrepancy suggests that despite the heavy emphasis on rapid, low-cost autonomous systems, the Ministry of Defence may still face procurement gaps in its traditional, long-term acquisition programs.

The timing of the announcement carries significant political weight. With Prime Minister Starmer reportedly preparing to step down, the Defence Investment Plan is positioned as a capstone legacy project. However, the heavy reliance on uncrewed systems like the StormShroud autonomous collaborative platform reflects a permanent doctrinal shift for the UK military. The strategy clearly moves away from relying solely on exquisite, low-volume crewed platforms, pivoting toward mass-producible autonomous assets that can sustain the high attrition rates observed in modern combat environments.

Sources: UK Ministry of Defence

Photo Credit: Stock Image

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NGATS Adapted for Boeing AH-64E Apache Flightline Diagnostics

The U.S. Army and Boeing completed a 12-month NGATS pathfinder at Fort Rucker, reporting over $1M in cost avoidance on the AH-64E Apache.

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The U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) and The Boeing Company have successfully adapted a ground-vehicle diagnostic system to service the Boeing AH-64E Apache helicopter, completing a 12-month operational pathfinder exercise at Fort Rucker, Alabama, that demonstrated significant reductions in sustainment costs.

Announced by the U.S. Army on May 12, 2026, the initiative utilized the Next Generation Automatic Test System (NGATS) to diagnose faults directly on the flightline. Historically used for ground vehicles like the Stryker and Abrams, the system’s expansion into aviation allows maintainers to avoid unnecessary depot shipments and limit demand on the global supply chain.

Adapting ground diagnostics for aviation readiness

The pathfinder exercise involved collaboration between AMCOM, Boeing, PAE Maneuver Air, and M1. The foundation for the exercise was laid on December 1, 2025, when Boeing Global Services upgraded NGATS capabilities to include the first aviation test program set. This upgrade enabled the system to interface with complex aviation electronics that previously required specialized, separate testing equipment.

The U.S. Army Aviation Center of Excellence at Fort Rucker provided a rigorous testing environment for the program. The installation conducts 40 percent of the Army’s aviation flight hours and operates the equipment equivalent of five combat aviation brigades. Testing the system under this high operational tempo allowed the Army to validate the diagnostic tool’s effectiveness in a realistic sustainment scenario.

During the 12-month exercise, the Army reported over $1 million in cost avoidance on a single component, the Aircraft Interface Unit, by utilizing NGATS alongside Boeing-developed test procedures.

“Leveraging existing technology like NGATS to its maximum effect is going to show real returns for Army aviation,” stated Col. Tim Harloff, Commander of the AMCOM Combined Logistics Command.

Long-term sustainment and future expansion

The Boeing AH-64E Apache is projected to remain in service into the 2060s, making long-term maintenance efficiency a priority for the Department of Defense. On January 2, 2026, the U.S. Army awarded Boeing a $2.73 billion contract for post-production support services for the Apache fleet through 2030. The integration of NGATS aligns with the objectives of this sustainment contract by streamlining repairs and reducing the logistical footprint required to keep the aircraft operational.

Following the success of the AH-64E Apache pathfinder exercise, Boeing plans to expand NGATS testing capabilities to additional aviation platforms, unmanned aircraft, and watercraft. Col. John Morris, Chief of Staff for AMCOM, noted the value of the joint effort, stating that the Army will see consistent wins when collaborating across industry partners.

AirPro News analysis

We view the successful integration of NGATS into the Boeing AH-64E Apache maintenance ecosystem as a critical step in the U.S. Army’s broader modernization strategy. By shifting diagnostic capabilities from centralized depots directly to the flightline, the military can significantly reduce aircraft downtime and alleviate pressure on an already strained aerospace supply chain. The $1 million cost avoidance on a single component suggests that scaling this technology across the broader aviation fleet could yield substantial financial and operational benefits over the lifecycle of these aircraft.

Sources: The Boeing Company

Photo Credit: Boeing

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