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NTSB Reports Rising Drug Presence Among Fatally Injured Pilots 2018-2022

NTSB study reveals 52.8% of fatally injured U.S. pilots tested positive for drugs from 2018-2022, highlighting trends in aviation safety.

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This article is based on an official press release from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).

NTSB Study Reveals Upward Trend in Drug Presence Among Fatally Injured Pilots

On May 14, 2026, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) released a comprehensive safety research report detailing toxicology results from U.S. civil Incident accidents. The study, titled “2018–2022 Update to Drug Use Trends in Aviation,” analyzed data from 930 pilots who were fatally injured during that five-year period. According to the NTSB press release, the findings highlight a continuing, long-term upward trend in the detection of various medications and substances in aviation accidents.

The most striking statistic from the NTSB’s updated research is that more than half of the fatally injured pilots, 52.8%, tested positive for at least one drug of any type. Furthermore, 27.7% of the pilots tested positive for two or more drugs. While these figures encompass a wide range of substances, including common, non-impairing medications like cholesterol-lowering drugs and cardiovascular prescriptions, the data also points to a rise in the use of potentially impairing substances.

However, the NTSB strongly cautions against jumping to conclusions regarding crash causality. The agency emphasizes that the presence of a drug in post-mortem toxicology testing does not automatically establish that the pilot was impaired while flying, nor does it confirm that the substance contributed to the Accident.

Breaking Down the Toxicology Data

Potentially Impairing and Illicit Substances

While the overall 52.8% figure includes benign medications, the NTSB report isolates data concerning substances that pose a direct risk to aviation safety. According to the study, 28.6% of the fatally injured pilots tested positive for drugs classified as “potentially impairing.” This category encompasses certain prescription medications, controlled substances, illicit drugs, and over-the-counter (OTC) medications.

Notably, the most common potentially impairing substance detected was diphenhydramine. This active ingredient is widely available in over-the-counter allergy and cold medications, such as Benadryl and Unisom. Because it is easily accessible, pilots may underestimate its sedating effects, making it a persistent factor in aviation toxicology reports for over a decade.

In addition to OTC medications, the NTSB noted an increase in the detection of illicit drugs. The study found that 7.4% of the pilots tested positive for illicit substances, a rise driven primarily by the detection of delta-9-THC, the primary psychoactive chemical found in marijuana.

Professionalism and Certification Factors

The General Aviation Divide

The NTSB research highlights a clear demographic and operational divide regarding drug prevalence. The data indicates that drug presence is significantly lower among professional pilots operating under stricter regulatory oversight compared to those in general aviation.

According to the report, pilots conducting Part 135 operations, which include commuter and on-demand flights such as corporate charters and air taxis, exhibited a lower drug presence than pilots operating under Part 91 general aviation rules. Furthermore, pilots holding Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) and Commercial certificates had lower drug detection rates than those holding private, sport, or student certificates, or those flying without any certificate at all.

Medical certification also played a crucial role. The NTSB found that pilots holding an active Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) medical certificate had a lower rate of drug presence than those flying without one, underscoring the effectiveness of routine medical evaluations in the professional aviation sector.

Understanding the Findings: Presence vs. Impairment

AirPro News analysis

When analyzing the NTSB’s findings, we must draw a distinct line between “drug presence” and “active impairment.” Toxicology tests, particularly post-mortem examinations, detect inactive metabolites that can remain in blood or tissue long after a drug’s psychoactive or impairing effects have dissipated. This is especially true for substances like THC and certain long-lasting prescription medications.

The NTSB’s stated purpose for this study is to document trends and provide context for factors that may affect aviation Safety, rather than to assign direct causality to these drugs in specific crashes. However, the persistent presence of diphenhydramine highlights a critical gap in pilot education regarding self-medication.

The FAA maintains strict guidelines regarding over-the-counter medications. Because diphenhydramine has a long half-life and known sedating properties, the FAA advises that pilots must wait at least 60 hours, calculated as five times the drug’s half-life, after their last dose before resuming flying duties. The fact that this specific antihistamine remains the most detected potentially impairing drug suggests that many general aviation pilots are either unaware of the 60-hour rule or are failing to adhere to it.

Historically, the trend is moving in a concerning direction. The NTSB’s previous study covering 1990 to 2012 noted that the proportion of pilots testing positive for at least one drug increased from 10% in 1990 to 40% in 2012. The current leap to 52.8% for the 2018–2022 period indicates that the aviation Manufacturers, particularly the general aviation sector, requires renewed educational campaigns focused on the hidden dangers of common medications.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Does a positive drug test mean the pilot caused the crash?

No. The NTSB explicitly states that a positive toxicology result indicates the presence of a drug or its metabolites in the pilot’s system, but it does not necessarily mean the pilot was impaired at the time of the crash or that the drug contributed to the accident.

What was the most common impairing drug found?

According to the NTSB study, the most common potentially impairing drug detected was diphenhydramine, an over-the-counter antihistamine commonly found in allergy and cold medications like Benadryl.

Are airline pilots testing positive at the same rate as private pilots?

No. The study found that professional pilots (those with ATP or Commercial certificates, and those flying Part 135 operations) had significantly lower rates of drug detection compared to general aviation pilots with lower-level certifications.


Sources:
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Press Release: “NTSB Releases Study on Drug Presence Trends Among Fatally Injured Pilots”

Photo Credit: NTSB

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Regulations & Safety

FAA Opens $40M ATC Manufacturing Facility in Maryland

The FAA opened a $40M Rohde & Schwarz USA plant in Frederick, MD to produce VoIP switches for national ATC modernization by 2028.

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On August 25, 2026, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) inaugurated a new $40 million manufacturing facility in Frederick, Maryland, dedicated to producing digital Voice over IP (VoIP) switches for the nation’s air traffic control network.

The 87,000-square-foot plant, operated by Rohde & Schwarz USA, represents a critical node in the FAA’s aggressive timeline to complete a nationwide air traffic control modernization overhaul by the end of 2028. According to an agency press release, the facility will build the CERTIUM Voice Communication System (VCS) to facilitate communication between air traffic controllers, pilots, and other control facilities.

Accelerating Air Traffic Control Modernization

The modernization effort is backed by a $12.5 billion down payment from the Working Families Tax Cut. U.S. Transportation Secretary Sean P. Duffy and FAA Administrator Bryan Bedford attended the opening to highlight the administration’s focus on domestic Manufacturing for critical aviation Infrastructure.

“Under President Trump, we aren’t just modernizing our skies at record speed—we’re putting American workers, American manufacturing, and American innovation first,” Duffy stated. “We’re making sure our air traffic control system is American made.”

Bedford emphasized the strict timeline driving the agency’s current procurement Strategy. He noted that the new facility supports the aggressive schedule to complete the new system by the end of 2028 while strengthening domestic production capabilities and creating high-quality jobs. Bedford described the equipment as a critical part of the landmark modernization effort.

Infrastructure Overhaul and Deployment Milestones

The opening of the Frederick plant follows a year of rapid infrastructure deployment by the FAA. The agency recently completed Wave 1 of its nationwide CERTIUM VCS deployment ahead of schedule. This milestone was marked by the installation of the 140th system at the Rapid City Regional Airport (RAP) control tower in South Dakota.

Beyond voice communication systems, the FAA has executed a massive infrastructure overhaul over the past year. The agency reports that 63 percent of legacy copper wires in air traffic control facilities nationwide have been replaced with high-speed fiber, 5G wireless, or Low Earth Orbit (LEO) capabilities.

Additional upgrades completed over the past year include the conversion of 388 radio sites and the installation of 176 IP voice switches. The FAA also deployed Surface Awareness Initiative technology at 96 towers, transitioned 21 towers to electronic flight strips, installed SMR4 Surface Movement Radars at five Airports, and added nine new Tower Simulation systems for controller Training.

AirPro News analysis

The opening of the Rohde & Schwarz USA facility in Maryland underscores a strategic shift toward localizing the supply chain for critical aviation infrastructure. By anchoring the production of digital VoIP switches domestically, the FAA mitigates supply chain risks that have historically delayed large-scale aerospace and infrastructure projects. We view the $12.5 billion funding injection as a substantial catalyst, though the 2028 completion target remains highly ambitious given the historical complexities of integrating new technologies into the national airspace system without disrupting active operations.

Sources: Federal Aviation Administration

Photo Credit: Federal Aviation Administration

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Regulations & Safety

Global Aerospace Issues Hangar Foam Suppression Safety Guidelines

Global Aerospace updates hangar fire suppression guidelines, citing 200+ accidental foam discharges and the shift to PFAS-free alternatives.

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Global Aerospace has issued updated safety and risk mitigation guidelines for aviation hangar fire suppression systems, highlighting the severe financial and environmental toll of accidental foam discharges. The aviation insurer published the comprehensive best practices on August 24, 2026, detailing the industry transition toward alternative fire protection technologies.

The guidance arrives alongside the introduction of the 2026 edition of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 409. This updated standard governs hangar fire protection and introduces critical changes to align requirements with modern aircraft design and growing environmental concerns regarding chemical suppressants.

The financial and human cost of accidental discharges

Fire suppression standards established in the mid-1970s heavily prioritized foam systems to combat large fuel-spill fires. However, Global Aerospace reports that these systems frequently cause more damage than the fires they are designed to prevent. Over the last two decades, more than 200 unnecessary foam discharges have occurred in aviation facilities.

These accidental activations have resulted in tens of millions of dollars in total damages, with the average per-incident cost reaching hundreds of thousands of dollars. Beyond property damage to aircraft and hangar infrastructure, accidental discharges pose severe life-safety risks to personnel.

The insurer cited a fatal 2014 incident at Eglin Air Force Base as a primary example of these hazards. Following a broken sprinkler pipe, the hangar filled with approximately 17 feet of foam in minutes, resulting in the death of one contractor.

Shifting standards and environmental-impact liabilities

Aviation insurers are increasingly processing claims that extend beyond immediate property damage to include long-term health risks and environmental restoration. This liability shift is largely driven by the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in older aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF).

To mitigate these chemical risks, the aviation industry is actively transitioning toward fluorine-free foams and alternative fire suppression technologies. Global Aerospace highlighted the growing adoption of ignitable liquid drainage floor assemblies and optical flame detection systems, such as multi-spectrum infrared detectors. These alternatives eliminate hazardous chemicals and significantly reduce the likelihood of false alarms.

While the 2026 edition of NFPA 409 provides the framework for these modern systems, the updated standards must be adopted by local fire marshals before facilities can implement the changes.

Operational risk mitigation strategies

For facilities still operating legacy high-expansion foam (HEF) or AFFF systems, Global Aerospace recommends strict operational protocols to minimize the risk and impact of an accidental discharge. The insurer advises operators to protect all aircraft openings and secure sensitive electronics during maintenance operations.

In the event of a discharge, the guidelines stress the importance of keeping hangar doors closed to contain the foam and prevent environmental contamination outside the facility. Additionally, Global Aerospace recommends conducting all system testing and maintenance during off-hours to limit personnel exposure and operational disruption.

AirPro News analysis

The publication of these guidelines by a major aviation insurer underscores a broader industry reality: insurance providers are often the primary catalyst for operational safety upgrades. While regulatory bodies like the NFPA set the baseline standards, the financial pressure of uninsurable environmental liabilities tied to PFAS contamination is forcing hangar operators to modernize. We expect the transition to optical flame detection and drainage floor assemblies to accelerate rapidly as insurers begin pricing the risk of legacy foam systems out of the market.

Sources: Global Aerospace

Photo Credit: Global Aerospace

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Regulations & Safety

NTSB Preliminary Report: Ryanair 737-800 Engine Failure

NTSB confirms fan-blade-out on Ryanair 737-800 shattered cabin window, partially ejecting a passenger during climb from Thessaloniki.

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This is a developing story. Information may change as official details are released.

This is original reporting and analysis by AirPro News.

On August 13, 2026, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) issued its preliminary report on a July 10 uncontained engine failure aboard a Ryanair Boeing 737-800, confirming that a fan-blade-out event shattered a cabin window and caused a rapid decompression. The incident resulted in a 61-year-old male passenger being partially pulled through the shattered window before being secured by fellow passengers.

The event occurred during climb out from Thessaloniki International Airport (SKG) in Greece. The flight, operated by Ryanair subsidiary Malta Air, was bound for Memmingen, Germany (FMM). The NTSB is currently investigating potential similarities between this event and a fatal 2018 engine failure, while the agency has also publicly addressed premature speculation regarding the cause by Ryanair leadership.

Flight 1879 rapid decompression

According to the NTSB preliminary report, the Boeing 737-800 was climbing when the right-hand CFM56-7B engine experienced a fan-blade-out event. Debris from the engine struck the fuselage and shattered a window at row 11. The resulting rapid decompression pulled a passenger partially outside the aircraft. The passenger sustained neck and shoulder injuries as well as friction burns, but no fatalities occurred.

Reporting by The Air Current indicates the failure happened at an altitude of approximately 15,000 feet. Passengers described a sudden and violent disruption to the flight. A passenger told AP News that the cabin was quiet before a loud noise resembling a bursting tire occurred, adding that they knew immediately the aircraft had lost pressure due to the sudden loss of altitude.

Initial reports following the July 10 incident suggested the failure occurred in the airspace of the Republic of North Macedonia. However, flight path analysis confirmed the event took place in Greek airspace. The Hellenic Air and Rail Safety Investigation Authority officially delegated the investigation to the NTSB on July 16, 2026.

Maintenance history and preliminary findings

The NTSB preliminary report notes that bird remains were found inside the damaged engine. Flight crews had reported four suspected bird strikes to the aircraft’s number two engine in the 12 months preceding the accident. The report states that bird remains were found in two of those previous cases.

Maintenance records indicate that the fan blades on the failed right engine underwent ultrasonic inspections in November 2025 and May 2026. No damage was found during either inspection. The official cause of the July 10 failure remains under investigation by the NTSB, with participation from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Boeing, and CFM International, a joint venture between GE Aerospace and Safran.

Regulatory protocols and historical precedent

The investigation has generated friction between the NTSB and Ryanair regarding public communications. On August 7, 2026, NTSB Chair Jennifer Homendy issued a letter to Ryanair CEO Michael O’Leary after he told investors the investigation was focused on foreign object damage rather than aircraft age or maintenance. Homendy stated that the NTSB had made no such determination and noted that O’Leary’s comments violated International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 13 protocols governing accident investigations.

The aviation industry is closely monitoring the investigation due to the aircraft and engine types involved. The Air Current reported that the event closely mirrors the April 2018 Southwest Airlines flight 1380 uncontained engine failure, which also involved a Boeing 737-700 and a CFM56-7B engine. That incident resulted in one passenger fatality after a shattered window caused partial ejection, leading the FAA to mandate engine inlet redesigns by July 2028.

The NTSB addressed the historical context directly in its preliminary report:

The investigative team is aware of previous … events with similar engine models that resulted in damage to engine inlets or cowlings and fuselage structures. Determination of any relevant similarities or details between this accident and previous events remains under investigation.

AirPro News analysis

We observe that the public rebuke of a major airline CEO by the NTSB is a rare and significant enforcement of ICAO Annex 13 communication protocols. Operators typically defer entirely to the investigating authority to avoid compromising the integrity of an active probe. The NTSB’s swift correction underscores the agency’s zero-tolerance policy for operator speculation, particularly when an event involves high-profile safety concerns like uncontained engine failures.

The CFM56-7B is one of the most widely used commercial aviation engines in the world. Any investigation involving a fan-blade-out event on this powerplant will naturally draw intense regulatory scrutiny, especially given the precedent set by the 2018 Southwest Airlines accident. While the discovery of bird remains introduces foreign object damage as a variable, we expect investigators will rigorously examine the efficacy of the ultrasonic inspections conducted in November 2025 and May 2026 to understand how the blade failure propagated.

Sources: National Transportation Safety Board

Photo Credit: NTSB

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