Training & Certification
FAA Issues New Guidance on Spatial Disorientation Training for Pilots
FAA releases InFO 26003 recommending comprehensive spatial disorientation training for pilots after NTSB’s 2020 Calabasas crash investigation.

This article is based on an official guidance document from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
FAA Issues New Guidance on Spatial Disorientation Training Following NTSB Recommendations
On January 22, 2026, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) released Information for Operators (InFO) 26003, a new advisory document titled “Spatial Disorientation (SD) Training for Pilots.” This guidance formally recommends that operators conducting flights under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Parts 91, 91K, and 135 adopt comprehensive theoretical and practical training specifically designed to combat spatial disorientation.
The release of InFO 26003 marks a significant regulatory step addressing safety recommendations that arose from the investigation into a high-profile 2020 helicopter accident. By targeting General Aviation, Fractional Ownership, and On-Demand operations, the FAA aims to reduce the prevalence of accidents caused by physiological illusions in flight.
Background: The Legacy of the Calabasas Crash
The new guidance is a direct response to National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Safety Recommendation A-21-006. This recommendation was issued following the NTSB’s investigation into the tragic helicopter crash on January 26, 2020, in Calabasas, California, which resulted in nine fatalities, including basketball legend Kobe Bryant.
According to the FAA’s document, the NTSB identified spatial disorientation as a primary contributing factor in that accident. Spatial disorientation occurs when a pilot’s perception of direction, altitude, or speed conflicts with reality, typically caused by a loss of visual references, such as flying into fog or clouds, combined with conflicting signals from the inner ear (vestibular system).
Following the NTSB’s directive to evaluate simulation technologies and training methods, the FAA convened the Spatial Disorientation Training Workgroup (SDT WG). The recommendations developed by this group were adopted in May 2023 and have now been formalized in the 2026 InFO release.
Comprehensive Training Recommendations
The FAA is advising operators to move beyond current baseline guidelines. InFO 26003 outlines a robust framework that combines theoretical knowledge with practical application. The agency emphasizes that SD is a physiological inevitability under certain conditions rather than a reflection of a pilot’s skill level.
Theoretical and Ground Training
The guidance suggests that ground school curriculums should focus heavily on the physiological systems involved in orientation, specifically the vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive systems. The goal is to educate pilots on the mechanisms that cause disorientation so they can intellectually understand why they must trust aircraft instruments over their own senses.
Practical Application: Simulation and Flight
The FAA recommends three primary methods for practical training:
- Simulator Training: Utilization of Full-Flight Simulators to replicate weather conditions that degrade visual references, as well as specialized “Spatial Disorientation Trainers” designed to induce sensory illusions.
- In-Flight Training: Controlled instruction using view-limiting devices (such as foggles or hoods) to force reliance on instruments while an instructor demonstrates how easily disorientation can occur.
- Refresher Training: Regular recurrent sessions to reinforce instrument scanning and cross-checking techniques.
“The FAA notes that approximately 80% of all aviation accidents involve human factors, with spatial disorientation being a persistent and deadly subset of these errors.”
FAA InFO 26003 Summary
Scenario-Based vs. Maneuver-Based Training
The advisory distinguishes between two critical training approaches necessary for a complete safety program:
Scenario-Based Training (SBT) exposes pilots to realistic, unexpected operational environments where disorientation is likely to strike. This method helps pilots build practical decision-making skills in real-time.
Maneuver-Based Training (MBT) isolates specific events in a controlled setting. This allows pilots to experience the physiological onset of SD and practice specific recovery strategies without the immediate threat of an accident.
AirPro News Analysis
While InFO 26003 is voluntary for Part 91, 91K, and 135 operators, its release signals a shift in how the industry views instrument proficiency. Historically, instrument training focused on the technical ability to manipulate controls by reference to gauges. This new guidance suggests that technical proficiency is insufficient without a deep physiological understanding of why the body lies to the brain during flight. By formalizing these recommendations six years after the Calabasas tragedy, the FAA is acknowledging that standard instrument ratings may not fully prepare pilots for the sensory conflicts inherent in inadvertent flight into instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC).
Sources
Sources: FAA InFO 26003
Photo Credit: AOPA
Training & Certification
Merlin Inc Earns New Zealand Part 146 Design Organization Certificate
Merlin, Inc. receives a Part 146 certificate from CAANZ, gaining internal design approval authority for its autonomous flight systems.

Merlin, Inc. has secured a Part 146 Aircraft Design Organization certificate from the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (CAANZ), granting the company internal delegation authority to approve specific aircraft design changes.
Announced in a press release on August 24, 2026, the certification allows the Boston-based aerospace technology company to bypass external design organizations for certain regulatory approvals. This milestone is designed to reduce external cost and schedule risks as Merlin advances the commercialization of its autonomous flight systems across multiple aircraft platforms.
Streamlining the certification pathway
The Part 146 certificate is not restricted to a single aircraft type or program. It establishes a foundational regulatory framework that Merlin can apply across various certification projects. By bringing design approval capabilities in-house, the company aims to accelerate the deployment of its Merlin Pilot autonomous flight system.
Merlin Chief Executive Officer Matt George emphasized the economic and operational importance of the certification for the company’s long-term production strategy.
“We’re building one autonomy stack that goes on many aircraft, which means the cost of certifying the next one matters more than the cost of certifying the first,” George stated. “Owning the capability to deliver design approval is how that curve bends. It’s a meaningful capability, not a side benefit.”
Regulatory progress and defense applications
The Part 146 designation follows a series of recent regulatory advancements for Merlin in New Zealand. On August 6, 2026, the company announced it had achieved Stage of Involvement (SOI) 3 with CAANZ for its autonomous flight technology. Merlin also recently concluded a key issue paper with the regulator regarding the certification approach for its artificial intelligence and machine learning-based natural language processing capabilities.
Merlin Chief Technology Officer Tim Burns noted that the certification reflects a rigorous evaluation by the national aviation authority.
“CAANZ assessed how we qualify our engineers, how our processes work, and how we hold ourselves accountable, then concluded we could carry that responsibility,” Burns said. “That’s a durable statement about the quality and maturity of our engineering organization and process.”
Beyond its commercial regulatory efforts, Merlin is concurrently developing autonomous capabilities for military applications. The company holds an Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract with the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) with a ceiling value of $105 million to integrate its autonomy program into the Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules.
AirPro News analysis
Securing a Part 146 certificate from a recognized civil aviation authority like CAANZ represents a critical maturation step for an aerospace startup. For companies developing novel technologies such as autonomous flight systems, reliance on third-party design organizations often introduces significant bottlenecks. By obtaining internal delegation authority, we view Merlin as positioning itself to iterate and certify its systems more rapidly. CAANZ is known for its forward-leaning approach to novel aviation technologies, making New Zealand a strategic testing and certification ground that often paves the way for subsequent approvals from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).
Sources: Merlin, Inc.
Photo Credit: Merlin, Inc.
Training & Certification
RCAF Integrates First CT-153 Juno Under FAcT Program
Canada’s RCAF activates its first CT-153 Juno helicopter at Southport, launching the 11.2B CAD Future Aircrew Training program.

The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) has officially integrated its first Airbus H135 helicopter, designated the CT-153 Juno, into its training fleet at Southport, Manitoba. The milestone marks the operational launch of Canada’s 11.2 billion CAD Future Aircrew Training (FAcT) program, a 25-year initiative to consolidate and modernize military pilot instruction.
In an update published on August 17, 2026, Airbus Helicopters confirmed the aircraft’s readiness for advanced rotary-wing training. The initial Delivery occurred on June 17, 2026, following test flights and livery reveals at the Airbus facility in Fort Erie, Ontario. The CT-153 Juno will replace the RCAF’s legacy CH-139 and CT-146 Helicopters, serving as the primary platform for Advanced Flying Training – Rotary Wing operations.
Consolidating Canada’s training ecosystem
The FAcT program represents a structural overhaul of Canadian military aviation training. Managed by SkyAlyne, a joint venture between CAE and KF Aerospace, the Contracts brings previously disparate RCAF and contracted training pipelines under a single umbrella. SkyAlyne has ordered 19 CT-153 Juno helicopters as part of a broader 71-aircraft fleet renewal.
Deliveries of the remaining 18 helicopters are scheduled to continue through 2028. Maintenance and in-service support for the rotary-wing segment will be handled by Canadian Helicopters Limited (CHL).
SkyAlyne General Manager Kevin Lemke described the initiative as a generational shift for the government.
“The Future Aircrew Training programme is basically a reset of everything to do with RCAF aircrews training. It’s the largest services contract in the history of the Canadian government,” Lemke stated.
Technical specifications and historical homage
The CT-153 Juno is powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B3 engines and features the Airbus Helionix Avionics suite. The platform is designed to transition student pilots to advanced operational aircraft.
Colonel Lauri Denis of the RCAF emphasized the operational relevance of the new fleet, noting that the aircraft provides exactly what modern aircrews need to train on before moving to advanced platforms and operational units.
The aircraft’s visual design and nomenclature carry specific historical weight. The name “Juno” commemorates Canada’s role in the D-Day landings at Juno Beach. The helicopter features a “Reflect Forward” livery that combines dark blue with high-visibility “training yellow.” This paint scheme honors the Second World War-era British Commonwealth Air Training Program while providing necessary contrast for training flights over diverse Canadian terrain.
AirPro News analysis
We view the activation of the CT-153 Juno as a critical de-risking milestone for the FAcT program. Transitioning from legacy platforms like the CH-139 to a glass-cockpit, Helionix-equipped H135 bridges a significant technological gap for RCAF student pilots. By aligning the training environment more closely with frontline operational assets, the RCAF can likely reduce the time and cost associated with type-conversion training at operational squadrons. The selection of domestic partners like Pratt & Whitney Canada and the final assembly in Fort Erie underscores the Canadian government’s strategy of leveraging defense procurement to sustain the domestic aerospace industrial base.
Sources: Airbus Newsroom
Photo Credit: Airbus
Training & Certification
US Army Awards $10B Flight School Next Contract to Team M1
The U.S. Army awarded a $10B, 26-year contract to Team M1 to train up to 1,500 helicopter pilots annually using the Robinson R66.

The U.S. Army has awarded a $10 billion, 26-year contract to a consortium led by M1 Support Services to overhaul its initial Helicopters pilot training program at Fort Novosel, Alabama. The August 13, 2026, award transitions the military branch to a contractor-owned, contractor-operated model utilizing the single-engine Robinson R66.
Announced in a press release by M1 Support Services, the single-award indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) contract falls under the Army’s Flight School Next (FSN) program. The initiative will replace the current twin-engine Airbus UH-72A Lakota fleet with the Robinson R66, which will carry the military designation TH-66 Sage. The shift aims to reduce costs and refocus student pilots on fundamental aviation skills before they transition to advanced operational aircraft.
The Team M1 consortium and contract scope
Team M1 includes prime contractor M1 Support Services, Robinson Helicopter Company, Quantum Helicopters, General Dynamics Information Technology (GDIT), and the University of North Dakota Aerospace Foundation (UNDAF). Under the contractor-owned, contractor-operated (COCO) framework, the consortium will provide the aircraft, maintenance, flight simulators, and flight instruction.
This consolidation allows the U.S. Army to scale training based on annual throughput requirements. The program is projected to train between 800 and 1,500 new pilots each year. The Contracts period of performance runs through August 12, 2052. George Krivo, Chairman and CEO of M1 Support Services, stated the company will deliver an integrated training solution to develop proficient aviators on time and on budget.
Transitioning from the Lakota to the TH-66 Sage
The Airbus UH-72A Lakota has served as the primary Training aircraft at the installation historically known as Fort Rucker since 2015. Military officials eventually determined the twin-engine Lakota was too advanced and expensive for initial entry rotary-wing training. The Army Contracting Command received 11 bids for the FSN program. In the final evaluation phases, Team M1 competed against proposals from Lockheed Martin and Bell Textron Inc., which pitched the Bell 505.
The selection of the Robinson R66 marks a return to a single-engine trainer for the Army.
“This decision gives the Army a proven training platform that truly prepares Army aviators, made in America, and ready to fly today. Reliable and cost effective, it is built to deliver readiness at a fraction of the cost of current platforms,” said David Smith, President and CEO of Robinson Helicopter Company.
AirPro News analysis
We note that the U.S. Army’s decision to adopt a COCO model for Flight School Next mirrors a broader military trend of outsourcing non-combat training infrastructure to commercial providers. By shifting the capital expenditure of aircraft procurement and the logistical burden of maintenance to Team M1, the Army can insulate its training pipeline from the procurement bottlenecks that often affect organic military acquisition programs. The selection of the Robinson R66 over the Bell 505 represents a significant victory for Robinson Helicopter Company in the military training sector. This Strategy establishes a long-term revenue stream and validates the R66 platform for high-volume institutional training.
Sources: M1 Support Services
Photo Credit: M1 Support Services
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