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FCC Grants Partial Approval for SpaceX Gen2 Starlink Upgrade

The FCC approves SpaceX’s Gen2 Starlink satellites in Very Low Earth Orbit and Direct-to-Cell service, enabling lower latency and smartphone connectivity.

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This article is based on an official document from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

FCC Grants Partial Approval for SpaceX Gen2 Starlink Upgrade and Direct-to-Cell Service

On January 9, 2026, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a significant regulatory order granting a “Partial Grant” for SpaceX’s second-generation (Gen2) Starlink satellite constellation. This approval marks a pivotal moment in the commercial space industry, formally authorizing the deployment of a new shell of satellites in Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) and greenlighting the commercial operation of Direct-to-Cell capabilities.

The decision allows SpaceX to proceed with critical upgrades to its Starlink network, which aims to reduce latency and expand capacity to meet growing global demand. By approving the modification application, the FCC has cleared the path for satellites that act as “cell towers in space,” enabling direct connectivity to unmodified smartphones, a feature developed in partnership with terrestrial carriers like T-Mobile.

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While SpaceX’s original application sought authority for a total of 29,988 Gen2 satellites, this specific order authorizes a strategic subset of operations, continuing the Commission’s practice of approving massive constellations in phases to monitor compliance with orbital debris and spectrum interference rules.

Key Components of the Approval

The FCC’s order addresses several technical modifications that SpaceX requested to enhance the performance and sustainability of the Starlink network. The approval focuses on two primary technological advancements: the utilization of VLEO and the integration of mobile-satellite service (MSS) frequencies.

Authorization of VLEO Shell

A central element of the approval is the authorization for SpaceX to deploy satellites in a Very Low Earth Orbit, specifically between 300 km and 360 km in altitude. This is significantly lower than the standard Starlink orbit of approximately 550 km. Operating at this lower altitude offers distinct physical advantages, primarily the reduction of signal travel time, which lowers latency for end-users.

Furthermore, the VLEO shell is touted as a safety feature regarding orbital debris. At these lower altitudes, atmospheric drag is much stronger. If a satellite malfunctions and loses propulsion, it will naturally de-orbit and burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere within weeks or months, rather than the years it might take at higher altitudes. This “self-cleaning” characteristic was a key factor in the FCC’s assessment of orbital safety.

Direct-to-Cell Commercialization

The order also formalizes the authority for SpaceX to operate Direct-to-Cell payloads. This technology utilizes specific bands, including Ku-, Ka-, and E-bands, alongside partner-specific MSS frequencies, to connect directly with standard LTE and 5G smartphones. This capability is designed to eliminate “dead zones” in remote areas where constructing terrestrial cell towers is economically unfeasible.

“Our action will allow SpaceX to begin deployment of Gen2 Starlink… helping to close the digital divide on a global scale.”

— Federal Communications Commission (Statement from related orders)

Strategic Context and Market Implications

The approval arrives as the race for dominance in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) intensifies. With rival constellations such as China’s Guowang network in development, U.S. regulators are under pressure to facilitate the rapid expansion of domestic commercial space capabilities while managing the increasingly crowded orbital environment.

AirPro News Analysis: The Sovereign-Commercial Nexus

The FCC’s decision to grant this partial approval reflects a broader trend we identify as the “sovereign-commercial nexus,” where commercial satellite networks are increasingly viewed as critical national infrastructure. By authorizing the VLEO shell, the FCC is not merely approving a business plan; it is securing U.S. leadership in next-generation connectivity.

The shift to VLEO is particularly strategic. Beyond the latency benefits for consumer applications like gaming and video conferencing, the lower orbit allows for tighter beam focus, which improves spectral efficiency. This efficiency is vital as spectrum becomes a scarce resource. Furthermore, the Direct-to-Cell capability integrates satellite resilience into terrestrial networks, providing a backup layer for emergency communications that is independent of ground infrastructure.

Regulatory Opposition and Interference Concerns

The path to this approval was not without significant opposition. Competitors and industry advocacy groups filed petitions to deny or condition the grant, citing concerns over radio frequency interference and orbital congestion.

Major industry players, including Viasat and DISH Network (EchoStar), raised objections regarding the potential for the new Gen2 satellites to disrupt their existing services. Viasat, in particular, argued that the sheer volume of satellites proposed by SpaceX would create an unmanageable interference environment.

“The proposed operations would generate insurmountable interference risks for other spectrum users… and foreclose competition.”

— Viasat (Petition to Deny)

The FCC’s order acknowledges these concerns but ultimately determined that the imposed conditions and SpaceX’s technical demonstrations were sufficient to mitigate harmful interference. The “Partial Grant” approach allows the Commission to retain regulatory oversight, releasing authority in tranches to ensure that SpaceX adheres to strict reporting requirements regarding satellite health and collision avoidance maneuvers.

Additionally, the astronomy community has continued to voice concerns regarding the brightness of satellite constellations interfering with optical and radio telescopes. In response, the approval reiterates requirements for SpaceX to implement advanced darkening coatings and chassis designs to minimize light reflection.

Timeline of Recent Events

  • December 1, 2022: FCC grants initial partial approval for 7,500 Gen2 satellites.
  • December 5, 2025: FCC Space Bureau accepts SpaceX’s modification application for a 15,000-satellite VLEO shell for filing.
  • January 4, 2026: Reports emerge regarding the imminent approval of Starlink Direct-to-Cell service.
  • January 9, 2026: FCC issues formal Partial Grant for the Gen2 Upgrade, authorizing VLEO operations and Direct-to-Cell payloads.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the benefit of the new VLEO satellites?

Satellites in Very Low Earth Orbit (300–360 km) are closer to the ground than standard satellites. This proximity reduces the time it takes for data to travel back and forth (latency) and ensures that defunct satellites de-orbit rapidly, reducing space debris risks.

Will I need a new phone for Direct-to-Cell service?

No. The Direct-to-Cell service is designed to work with existing LTE and 5G smartphones. It utilizes terrestrial spectrum provided by partner carriers (such as T-Mobile in the U.S.), allowing phones to connect to satellites as if they were standard cell towers.

Does this approval cover all 30,000 proposed satellites?

No. This is a “Partial Grant.” While SpaceX has requested authority for nearly 30,000 Gen2 satellites, the FCC typically approves these large constellations in batches (tranches) to ensure safety and compliance standards are met before full deployment.

Sources: Federal Communications Commission

Photo Credit: SpaceX

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Space & Satellites

Reflect Orbital Buys Two Skyroot Launches for Satellite Fleet

Reflect Orbital purchases two dedicated Skyroot Aerospace launches for its sunlight-reflecting satellite constellation, announced Oct. 14, 2026.

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Reflect Orbital Buys Two Skyroot Launches for Satellite Fleet

Reflect Orbital has secured two dedicated rocket launches from India-based Skyroot Aerospace to deploy its planned constellation of sunlight-reflecting satellites. The agreement, announced on October 14, 2026, provides critical launch capacity for the California startup’s controversial orbital mirror project while marking a major commercial milestone for India’s emerging private space sector.

In a press release issued today, Reflect Orbital confirmed the purchase of the two dedicated missions, which will utilize Skyroot’s Vikram-1 and in-development Vikram-1U launch vehicles. The deal follows the successful maiden orbital flight of the Vikram-1 rocket in July 2026 and comes as commercial satellite operators face a global shortage of available launch capacity.

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Securing capacity amid a launch shortage

The commercial space launch market is currently experiencing a capacity bottleneck, driving satellite operators to seek alternative providers outside of established players. Reflect Orbital Co-Founder and CEO Ben Nowack cited this dynamic as a key driver for the agreement.

“There’s a real launch capacity shortage right now,” Nowack said. “We’re excited to work with a new launch provider, Skyroot, to help ensure access to space.”

The first launch under the contract will utilize the Vikram-1, a four-stage small-lift launch vehicle featuring three solid stages and a liquid fourth stage. The Vikram-1 has a payload capacity of 350 kilograms to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The second launch will use the upgraded Vikram-1U variant, which incorporates strap-on boosters to increase the LEO payload capacity to 550 kilograms. Specific financial terms and launch dates for the two missions were not disclosed.

“Reflect Orbital represents the kind of ambitious global space mission the Vikram family is being built to serve. We are pleased to partner with Ben and the Reflect Orbital team across two dedicated launches, providing schedule certainty and mission flexibility.”

The statement was provided by Pawan Kumar Chandana, Co-founder and CEO of Skyroot Aerospace.

The orbital mirror concept and regulatory hurdles

Founded in 2021 and headquartered in Hawthorne, California, Reflect Orbital is developing space-enabled infrastructure designed to redirect sunlight to precise locations on Earth. The company aims to extend electricity generation at solar farms past sunset and provide illumination for search-and-rescue teams and nighttime construction crews. The long-term vision involves operating as many as 50,000 reflector satellites in orbit by 2035.

The concept of placing reflective surfaces in orbit has faced significant pushback from the astronomical community. Organizations including the American Astronomical Society have raised concerns regarding light pollution and potential interference with research telescopes.

Despite these objections, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted Reflect Orbital a license on July 9, 2026, to launch and operate its first demonstration satellite, designated Eärendil-1. The spacecraft will carry an 18-by-18-meter deployable mirror designed to beam concentrated sunlight onto targeted spots on the ground at night. Eärendil-1 is currently manifested to launch on a SpaceX rideshare mission in late 2026.

Addressing the regulatory and scientific concerns, Nowack emphasized the company’s commitment to collaboration. “For decades, the promise of space has been a better life here on Earth; expanding solar energy generation to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and helping save lives in emergency situations follow in that tradition,” Nowack said. “We were recently licensed by the Federal Communications Commission to operate our first spacecraft, and we will continue to work with astronomers, local communities and regulators to earn the right to scale.”

Skyroot’s commercial ascent

For Skyroot Aerospace, the Reflect Orbital contract serves as a critical validation of its commercial viability on the global stage. Founded in 2018 in Hyderabad, India, the company has rapidly advanced its launch vehicle development program.

Skyroot became the first Indian private company to launch a rocket into space with the suborbital flight of Vikram-S in 2022. In May 2026, the company raised nearly $60 million at a $1.1 billion valuation, achieving status as India’s first space-tech unicorn. This financial milestone was followed closely by technical success on July 18, 2026, when the Vikram-1 successfully reached orbit on its maiden flight. The achievement made India the third country, following the United States and China, to demonstrate private orbital launch capability.

AirPro News analysis

This agreement highlights a structural shift in the commercial launch market. As established providers prioritize their own mega-constellations or remain fully booked by government and legacy commercial contracts, emerging satellite operators are forced to look internationally for schedule certainty. For Reflect Orbital, securing dedicated launches mitigates a major programmatic risk as it attempts to scale a highly controversial business model. If the company cannot guarantee access to space, its regulatory victories with the FCC hold little value.

For Skyroot Aerospace, landing a US-based customer so soon after its maiden orbital flight is a strong indicator of market demand for alternative small-lift providers. We view this deal as a mutual de-risking exercise. Reflect Orbital bypasses the rideshare bottleneck for its dedicated constellation deployment, while Skyroot secures an anchor tenant to justify the development costs of its upgraded Vikram-1U vehicle.

Photo Credit: Reflect Orbital

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SpaceX CRS-35 Delivers Final iROSA Arrays to ISS

SpaceX Dragon docked to the ISS on Oct. 15, 2026, delivering the last two iROSA arrays to complete the station’s power upgrade.

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SpaceX CRS-35 Delivers Final iROSA Arrays to ISS

The Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) Dragon cargo spacecraft autonomously docked to the International Space Station (ISS) on October 15, 2026, delivering the final set of upgraded solar arrays required to complete a multi-year power modernization program for the orbital laboratory.

According to a press release from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the 35th Commercial Resupply Services mission (CRS-35) delivered more than 6,300 pounds of scientific equipment, supplies, and hardware to the Expedition 75 crew. The payload includes the seventh and eighth International Space Station Roll-Out Solar Arrays (iROSA), which are expected to increase the station’s electric power generation capacity by up to 30 percent once fully installed.

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Autonomous docking and cargo delivery

The mission commenced on October 13, 2026, when a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched the Dragon spacecraft from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. Lift-off occurred at 6:33 a.m. EDT. Following a two-day orbital transit, the spacecraft autonomously docked to the space-facing port of the ISS Harmony module at 11:00 a.m. EDT on October 15, 2026.

The 6,300 pounds of cargo includes critical hardware for advanced biomedical research. NASA highlighted that the scientific investigations aboard the Dragon spacecraft will support studies into the manufacturing of artificial retinas and the growth of heart tissues in microgravity environments. These experiments rely on the continuous power and stable microgravity conditions provided by the orbital outpost.

Completing the orbital power upgrade

The delivery of the final two iROSA units marks the concluding phase of an infrastructure upgrade program that began in June 2021. The initiative was designed to augment the station’s aging original solar arrays, which have degraded over more than two decades of exposure to the space environment.

Six arrays were previously installed during a series of spacewalks conducted between 2021 and 2023. The CRS-35 mission transported the seventh and eighth arrays stowed inside the unpressurized trunk of the Dragon spacecraft. Once these final arrays are extracted and integrated into the station’s truss structure, the total available power for the ISS will increase to between 160 and 215 kilowatts.

NASA astronaut Anil Menon and Canadian Space Agency (CSA) astronaut Joshua Kutryk are scheduled to conduct U.S. spacewalks 100 and 101 to complete the installation. The exact dates for these extravehicular activities remain pending.

Expedition 75 operations and commercial resupply context

The arrival of the CRS-35 cargo mission follows a recent crew rotation on the station. On October 1, 2026, the SpaceX Crew-13 mission reached the ISS, bringing Menon, Kutryk, and NASA astronauts Jessica Watkins and Luke Delaney to begin their six-month research mission as part of Expedition 75. The previous Crew-12 quartet departed the station on October 7, 2026, clearing the docking ports and schedule for upcoming cargo operations.

SpaceX operates as a primary provider for NASA’s Commercial Resupply Services program. The agency also contracts with Northrop Grumman, utilizing its Cygnus spacecraft, and Sierra Space, utilizing its Dream Chaser spaceplane, for cargo delivery. These commercial partnerships ensure a continuous national capability to deliver scientific research and critical supplies to the ISS, significantly increasing the ability of NASA to conduct new investigations.

AirPro News analysis

The delivery of the final iROSA arrays represents the culmination of a critical infrastructure project for the ISS. As the station operates through its final planned years, maximizing electrical power generation is essential to support the increasing volume of commercial and government research payloads. We view the successful deployment of these final arrays as a necessary step to maintain the station’s viability and research output capacity. The completion of this power upgrade ensures the orbital laboratory can meet the energy demands of advanced microgravity research through the end of its operational lifecycle.

Photo Credit: NASA

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Agile Space Industries Expands to Bellevue Washington

Agile Space Industries opens a Bellevue, WA office amid 40% annual growth, a Colorado HQ expansion, and a $36M Oklahoma test center.

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Agile Space Industries Expands to Bellevue Washington

Agile Space Industries is establishing a new office in Bellevue, Washington, positioning the in-space propulsion manufacturer to recruit from the Pacific Northwest’s established aerospace engineering talent pool.

The expansion, announced in an October 2026 press release, follows a period of rapid scaling for the company, which has recorded year-over-year growth exceeding 40 percent for the past three years. The Bellevue location adds to a growing national footprint designed to meet surging demand for chemical propulsion systems in the commercial space, lunar exploration, and defense sectors.

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Scaling operations across multiple states

The move into the Seattle metropolitan area is part of a broader infrastructure build-out for Agile Space Industries. By the end of 2026, the company expects its business to have grown more than four-fold compared to 2022 levels. To support this trajectory, the manufacturer recently completed a 20,500-square-foot expansion of its headquarters in Durango, Colorado.

The August 2026 Durango expansion doubled the facility’s footprint to 40,000 square feet. This additional space is dedicated to increasing manufacturing capacity for the company’s 3D-printed thrusters and supporting a growing workforce. During the ribbon-cutting ceremony for the Colorado site, Agile Space Industries CEO Chris Pearson highlighted the strategic nature of the company’s geographic spread.

“The opening of the expanded Durango facility is crucial to support our continued growth. By year-end, the business will have grown more than four-fold since 2022, and the expanded footprint shows our commitment to our HQ here in Colorado while growing our presence in Oklahoma and Washington.”

Concurrently, the company is developing a $36 million hot-fire rocket engine testing center in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Located on 20 acres adjacent to Tulsa International Airport (TUL), the facility will support testing requirements for NASA, the US Department of Defense, and commercial space operators. The Tulsa site adds dedicated infrastructure for the rigorous qualification processes required for in-space propulsion systems.

Leadership changes and propulsion market context

The Bellevue office announcement follows a recent leadership transition aimed at managing the company’s rapid scaling. In late September 2026, Agile Space Industries appointed Jason Wright as President. Wright brings 25 years of aerospace experience to the role, including previous tenure at Lockheed Martin. He is tasked with steering the organization toward its goal of quintupling 2022 revenue by the end of the current year.

Agile Space Industries specializes in designing, 3D printing, and testing chemical propulsion systems that operate on hydrazine and hydrazine-based constituents. The company differentiates itself in the competitive space propulsion market through rapid design iteration and extensive in-house testing capabilities. Engineers at the firm have conducted over 8,000 hot-fire tests to date, a metric that underscores the company’s focus on empirical validation.

The manufacturer gained significant industry traction in April 2023 when it qualified its A110 bipropellant thruster for lunar landers. This milestone marked the first US-built thruster qualified for lunar landers since the Apollo program. Following the qualification, the company secured agreements to supply thrusters for lunar vehicles developed by Astrobotic, ispace, and Masten Space Systems.

Financial backing has accelerated this industrial expansion. In February 2026, Agile Space Industries raised $17 million in an oversubscribed Series A funding round. This capital injection has directly supported the company’s hiring initiatives. As of September 2026, the company employed 167 people across four states, having added 77 employees over the preceding 12 months. The new Bellevue office is expected to further accelerate this headcount growth by tapping into Washington’s deep reservoir of aerospace engineering talent.

Photo Credit: Agile Space Industries

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