Regulations & Safety
NTSB Findings on United Airlines 737 MAX March 2024 Runway Excursion
NTSB investigation details runway condition misperception in United Airlines 737 MAX runway excursion at Houston IAH in March 2024.
This article is based on official investigative data and documents released by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) regarding the March 2024 United Airlines Flight 2477 incident.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has opened the public docket for its ongoing investigation into the March 8, 2024, runway excursion involving United Airlines Flight 2477. The Boeing 737-8 MAX, registered as N27290, veered off the runway after landing at George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH) in Houston, Texas, resulting in the collapse of its left main landing gear.
Newly released documents highlight a significant discrepancy between the flight crew’s perception of the landing environment and the actual runway conditions. According to the investigative reports, the Captain believed the runway was dry and braking action was “Good,” while data indicates the surface was wet and slippery. This misperception appears to have influenced critical operational decisions, including the selection of a low autobrake setting.
While the investigation is ongoing and a final probable cause has not yet been determined, the factual reports provide a detailed look into the human factors and external pressures present in the cockpit during the incident.
The central finding in the newly released documents is the conflict regarding runway condition codes, which are essential for determining landing performance and braking requirements. The NTSB docket reveals that the Captain, who was the Pilot Flying, recalled seeing condition codes of 5/5/5 for Runway 27 on the Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS).
In aviation standards, a code of 5 corresponds to “Good” braking action, typically associated with a wet surface that is not slippery. However, investigators found that the actual ATIS broadcast at the time of the incident reported codes of 3/3/3. A code of 3 indicates “Medium” braking action, warning pilots that the runway is slippery when wet.
This disconnect extended to visual perception. The First Officer, serving as the Pilot Monitoring, correctly identified the runway as “wet.” In contrast, the Captain maintained the assessment that the runway appeared “dry,” a belief that directly impacted the braking strategy employed during the landing roll.
Based on the perception of favorable conditions, the flight crew made decisions that reduced the aircraft’s deceleration rate. NTSB data indicates that the Captain selected “Autobrake 1,” the lowest available setting. United Airlines standard operating procedures generally recommend higher autobrake settings (such as MAX) when runway conditions are slippery or uncertain. The docket further reveals that manual braking was not applied until the aircraft was approximately 6,000 feet down the runway. The crew attempted to exit the runway onto Taxiway SC, a high-speed exit, while traveling at approximately 39 knots. Investigators noted that this speed was excessive for the wet surface conditions present at the time.
As the aircraft attempted the right turn, the tires lost traction. The 737 MAX skidded off the paved surface into the grass, where the left main landing gear struck a concrete electrical junction box. The impact caused the gear to separate, and the aircraft came to rest on its left wing and engine nacelle. Fortunately, no injuries were reported among the 160 passengers and 6 crew members.
The investigation also sheds light on external factors that may have contributed to the crew’s decision-making. Transcripts included in the docket show that Houston Tower instructed the crew to “keep your speed up” during the approach to accommodate a tight arrival sequence.
Investigators suggested that this instruction might have created a “sense of urgency” in the cockpit to clear the runway quickly. The Captain reportedly requested to roll to the end of the runway to shorten the taxi time to the gate, a maneuver he stated he had performed “hundreds of times” in his career. The Captain is a veteran pilot with over 15,000 flight hours, including more than 9,600 hours on the Boeing 737, and had completed landing performance training just one month prior to the accident.
The release of these factual reports underscores a recurring theme in runway excursions: the danger of confirmation bias. When a pilot expects a “dry” runway based on prior experience or a misread report, they may subconsciously filter out contradictory visual cues, such as the “wet” appearance noted by the First Officer.
Furthermore, the “keep your speed up” instruction from Air Traffic Control highlights the subtle but powerful pressure placed on crews at high-volume hubs like Houston. While safety is always the priority, the operational drive to maximize runway throughput can inadvertently encourage crews to push the boundaries of stable deceleration, particularly when environmental conditions are worse than anticipated.
The opening of the public docket marks a significant phase in the NTSB’s process, allowing industry experts and the public to review the factual basis of the investigation. The docket includes operational factors reports, human performance studies, and transcripts from the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR).
The NTSB has not yet issued a final report. The board will continue to analyze the gathered data to determine the official probable cause of the accident and may issue safety recommendations to prevent similar occurrences in the future. Sources:
NTSB Docket Reveals Critical Disconnect in United Airlines 737 MAX Runway Excursion
Conflicting Assessments of Runway Conditions
Braking Decisions and High-Speed Exit
External Pressures and ATC Instructions
AirPro News Analysis
Next Steps in the Investigation
Photo Credit: NTSB
Regulations & Safety
LATAM Boeing 767 Suffers Major Tire Blowout Landing in Atlanta
LATAM Airlines Flight LA2482 experienced a major tire blowout on landing at Atlanta airport; FAA investigation ongoing with no injuries reported.
This article summarizes reporting by WFSB and includes data from official FAA and LATAM Airlines statements.
A LATAM Airlines flight arriving from Lima, Peru, experienced a significant landing gear failure at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) on the evening of Tuesday, January 6, 2026. According to reporting by WFSB and confirmed by federal regulators, the aircraft blew multiple tires immediately after touching down, stranding the jet on the runway for hours.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has launched an investigation into the incident involving Flight LA2482. While the mechanical failure caused substantial disruption at the world’s busiest airport, officials confirmed that the plane came to a safe stop and no injuries were reported among the passengers or crew.
This event marks another high-profile maintenance incident involving the Boeing 767 airframe, occurring just days after regulators issued new directives regarding landing gear inspections for the aging fleet type.
Flight LA2482, operated by a Boeing 767-300ER (Registration CC-CXF), touched down on Runway 26R at approximately 7:38 PM EST. According to details emerging from the investigation, the aircraft suffered a blowout of all eight tires on the rear main landing gear assembly upon landing.
Passengers onboard described a frightening conclusion to the international flight. Witnesses cited in reports by WFSB and other outlets characterized the landing as “rough” and “hard,” noting violent vibrations as the aircraft decelerated.
The physical force of the landing was reportedly severe enough to cause interior damage to the cabin. Passenger accounts indicate that a bathroom door was dislodged from its hinges during the rollout. Despite the intensity of the event, the cabin atmosphere reportedly remained relatively calm once the aircraft came to a halt.
“The plane landed safely and came to a controlled stop on the runway. No injuries were reported.”
, Summary of FAA Statement
Following the incident, passengers remained onboard for approximately two to three hours while emergency crews assessed the stability of the landing gear. Eventually, travelers were deplaned via stairs onto the tarmac and bussed to the international terminal.
The incident triggered immediate responses from the airline, the airport, and federal regulators. Runway 26R was temporarily closed to facilitate the evacuation and the complex removal of the disabled wide-body aircraft.
In a statement regarding the event, the FAA confirmed that the jet “blew tires after safely landing” and noted that an investigation is underway to determine the root cause. LATAM Airlines acknowledged the “technical incident,” emphasizing that safety remains their priority and regretting the inconvenience caused to customers.
Delta Air Lines, which has a codeshare agreement with LATAM, clarified to reporters that the flight was operated entirely by LATAM crews and hardware, distinguishing their operations from the incident.
While the investigation into Flight LA2482 is in its early stages, AirPro News notes that this incident occurs within a broader context of scrutiny regarding the Boeing 767 platform. The aircraft involved is approximately 17 years old, a common age for this workhorse of the transatlantic and South American markets.
Significantly, this blowout follows a January 2025 FAA Airworthiness Directive requiring inspections of landing gear on specific Boeing 767 aircraft. That directive was prompted by previous reports of landing gear collapses and heat damage issues. While it is too early to link Tuesday’s event to these specific mechanical concerns, the failure of an entire main gear tire assembly (eight tires) is a rare severity that will likely draw intense focus from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and FAA investigators.
We also observe that this incident compounds operational stress at Atlanta’s airport, which had already been recovering from runway equipment issues earlier in the week. The ability of the pilots to maintain directional control despite losing traction on the main gear suggests a high degree of airmanship, preventing a potential runway excursion.
Was anyone injured on LATAM Flight LA2482? No. Despite the severity of the tire blowouts and reported interior damage, no injuries were reported among passengers or crew.
What caused the tires to blow out?
The official cause has not yet been determined. The FAA has opened an investigation to analyze whether the failure was due to mechanical malfunction, pilot input, or runway conditions.
What type of aircraft was involved?
The flight was operated by a Boeing 767-300ER, a wide-body twin-engine jet.
Did this flight belong to Delta Air Lines?
No. While it may have carried a Delta codeshare flight number, the aircraft and crew were from LATAM Airlines Peru.
LATAM Boeing 767 Suffers Major Tire Blowout Upon Landing in Atlanta
Incident Details and Passenger Accounts
Inside the Cabin
Official Responses and Operational Impact
Airline and Regulator Statements
AirPro News Analysis
Context on the Boeing 767 Fleet
Frequently Asked Questions
Sources
Photo Credit: 11Alive
Regulations & Safety
NTSB Urges Pilot Qualification Changes for Hawker 800XP and 900XP Safety
NTSB issues urgent recommendations for pilot training and testing procedures on Hawker 800XP and 900XP aircraft after two fatal post-maintenance stall test accidents.
This article is based on official safety recommendations and accident reports from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has issued urgent safety recommendations calling for immediate changes to pilot qualifications and testing procedures for Hawker 800XP and 900XP Commercial-Aircraft. The recommendations are directed at Textron Aviation, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) following two fatal accidents involving post-maintenance stall test flights.
According to the NTSB, the current regulatory framework allows standard line pilots to conduct high-risk functional check flights that require test-pilot-level skills. The agency has identified a critical gap in training and experience that has contributed to the loss of life in recent years.
The urgent action was triggered by investigations into two separate crashes, one in Michigan in October 2025 and another in Utah in February 2024, where crews lost control of their aircraft while attempting to verify stall warning systems after wing maintenance.
The NTSB’s report outlines specific actions required from the Manufacturers, the regulator, and industry advocacy groups to prevent further tragedies.
As the manufacturer, Textron Aviation is being urged to establish specific pilot qualification standards. These standards must define the experience, training, and proficiency required to safely conduct post-maintenance stall tests. Furthermore, the NTSB recommends that Textron revise aircraft maintenance and flight manuals to include standardized “stall test plans.” These plans should explicitly outline safe execution procedures, abort criteria, and risk management Strategy.
The NTSB has called upon the FAA to mandate compliance with the new criteria established by Textron. The recommendations suggest that the FAA must increase oversight to ensure that only qualified pilots, potentially those meeting test-pilot-like standards, are authorized to perform these high-risk functional check flights. Currently, operators of Hawker 800XP/900XP aircraft are not strictly required to use specialized test pilots for these specific maintenance checks.
The NBAA has been tasked with disseminating this urgent safety information to its membership immediately. The NTSB emphasizes the need for collaboration between the NBAA, FAA, and Textron to develop and promote best practices for conducting post-maintenance functional check flights. The NTSB’s urgent recommendations stem from two accidents where flight crews were unable to recover from stalls induced during mandatory post-maintenance checks.
On October 16, 2025, a Hawker 800XP (Registration XA-JMR) crashed near Bath Township, Michigan, killing all three occupants. The aircraft had just completed seven months of routine maintenance at Duncan Aviation, which included the removal and reinstallation of wing leading edges and TKS ice-protection panels. This maintenance required a mandatory post-maintenance stall test flight.
According to the NTSB investigation, the operator elected to use their regular flight crew rather than professional test pilots, despite the maintenance facility providing a list of qualified test pilots for hire. The crew climbed to 15,000 feet to perform the test, but ADS-B data showed a rapid descent shortly after.
“We are in a stall… recovering… sorry.”
— Final transmission from the crew of XA-JMR, per NTSB records.
Investigators believe the crew likely encountered “aileron snatch,” an uncommanded roll phenomenon, or deep stall characteristics they were not trained to handle.
On February 7, 2024, a Hawker 900XP (Registration N900VA) crashed near the Utah-Colorado border, resulting in the deaths of both pilots. The aircraft was on a repositioning flight following maintenance at West Star Aviation. The NTSB Final Report determined that the crew attempted to perform the stall test in icing conditions, which is explicitly prohibited by the flight manual.
The investigation concluded that ice contamination on the wings likely degraded performance, causing the stall to occur earlier than expected and simultaneously with the stick shaker activation. This gave the crew no time to react before the aircraft entered a spin.
The NTSB report highlights specific aerodynamic characteristics of the Hawker 800/900XP series that make these tests particularly hazardous for untrained pilots. Unlike many aircraft that provide a natural aerodynamic buffet (shaking) before stalling, the Hawker 800/900XP relies entirely on mechanical systems, specifically the stick shaker and stick pusher. During these maintenance tests, pilots are required to fly the aircraft to the very edge of its envelope to verify that the stick pusher activates to force the nose down.
At the point of stall, airflow separation on the Hawker wings can cause the ailerons to “snatch,” leading to a violent, uncommanded roll of up to 80 degrees. Standard pilot training emphasizes using ailerons to correct a bank, but in a stall scenario, this input can worsen the situation and induce a spin.
The NTSB identified a critical “gap” in pilot qualifications. Standard corporate pilot training focuses on avoiding stalls and recovering at the first indication of a stick shaker. However, maintenance tests require pilots to intentionally fly past that safety margin. Most corporate pilots have never performed a full aerodynamic stall in the actual aircraft, as simulators often do not perfectly replicate the violent roll characteristics of the actual jet.
These recommendations mark a significant shift in how the industry views “routine” maintenance flights. For decades, there has been a gray area regarding who is qualified to return an aircraft to service after major wing maintenance. By pushing for test-pilot-level qualifications, the NTSB is signaling that the era of using line pilots for functional check flights (FCFs) on complex airframes may be ending.
For operators, this will likely result in increased costs and scheduling complexities, as they may need to contract specialized crews for post-maintenance flights. However, the Safety data presented by the NTSB suggests that the cost of convenience, using regular crews for test-pilot work, is unacceptably high.
NTSB Issues Urgent Safety Recommendations for Hawker 800XP and 900XP Post-Maintenance Flights
Urgent Recommendations for Industry Stakeholders
Directives to Textron Aviation
Directives to the FAA
Directives to the NBAA
The Catalyst: Two Fatal Accidents
The Michigan Accident (October 2025)
The Utah Accident (February 2024)
Technical Context: The Dangers of the Hawker Stall
Lack of Natural Warning
Aileron Snatch and Roll
The Qualification Gap
AirPro News Analysis
Sources
Photo Credit: NTSB
Regulations & Safety
Transport Canada Investigates Air India Pilot Alcohol Incident
Transport Canada orders probe after an Air India pilot failed alcohol tests, delaying Flight AI186 and prompting regulatory action.
This article summarizes reporting by Reuters. The original report may be paywalled; this article summarizes publicly available elements and regulatory filings.
Transport Canada has formally requested a detailed investigation into an incident involving an Airlines Air India captain who allegedly reported for duty under the influence of alcohol at Vancouver International Airport (YVR). The regulatory intervention follows the removal of the pilot from a scheduled flight on December 23, 2025, a breach that Canadian authorities have classified as a “serious matter.”
According to reporting by Reuters, the incident occurred prior to the departure of Air India Flight AI186, a Boeing 777-300ER service scheduled for Delhi. The pilot, identified in reports as Captain Saurabh Kumar, was prevented from operating the aircraft after failing two breathalyzer tests administered by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).
In a letter dated December 24, 2025, Transport Canada official Ajit Oommen addressed the airline regarding the Safety lapse. The correspondence, cited by Reuters and regulatory sources, outlines specific violations of the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) and Air India’s Foreign Air Operator Certificate (FAOC).
The regulator has given Air India until January 26, 2026, to submit a comprehensive report. This submission must detail the findings of an internal review conducted under the airline’s Safety Management System (SMS) and propose corrective actions to prevent recurrence.
The incident reportedly triggered violations of multiple safety protocols. According to the regulatory notice, the pilot’s conduct breached:
Transport Canada has warned that enforcement actions, potentially including fines or license suspensions, may be pursued by both the RCMP and Transport Canada Civil Aviation (TCCA).
Following the incident, Air India confirmed that Flight AI186 experienced a delay of approximately seven hours while a replacement crew member was rostered. The airline stated that the pilot involved has been suspended from flying duties pending the outcome of the inquiry.
In a statement regarding the event, an Air India spokesperson emphasized the carrier’s stance on safety protocols: “Air India maintains a zero-tolerance policy towards any violation of applicable rules and regulations.”
, Air India Official Statement
The airline further noted that any confirmed violation would result in “strict disciplinary action” in accordance with company policy.
Context: A Pattern of Scrutiny Furthermore, the alcohol-related breach in Canada coincides with domestic pressure from India’s Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). In late December 2025, the DGCA issued show-cause notices regarding safety lapses on Tokyo routes, alleging that pilots accepted aircraft with known technical snags. The convergence of these events, international regulatory intervention by Transport Canada and domestic warnings from the DGCA, suggests a critical need for Air India to reinforce its internal safety culture and operational discipline.
What is the “Bottle to Throttle” rule? What are the potential consequences for the pilot?
Transport Canada Demands Probe After Air India Pilot Fails Alcohol Test
Regulatory Intervention and Violations
Specific Safety Breaches
Air India’s Response and Operational Impact
AirPro News Analysis
This incident at Vancouver International Airport does not occur in a vacuum. It adds to a growing list of regulatory challenges facing India’s flag carrier. The airline is currently navigating the aftermath of a severe safety incident in mid-2025. According to industry data and previous reports, the crash of Flight AI171 in June 2025, which resulted in significant fatalities, has already placed the carrier under aggressive oversight from global aviation bodies.
Frequently Asked Questions
In Canada and many international jurisdictions, aviation regulations strictly prohibit pilots from acting as crew members within 12 hours of consuming alcohol. This is often referred to as the “bottle to throttle” rule.
Beyond immediate suspension by the airline, the pilot faces potential criminal charges from the RCMP and enforcement actions from Transport Canada, which could include the revocation of piloting credentials.
Sources
Photo Credit: Air India – Montage
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