MSPO 2025 Defense Expo: Poland’s Strategic Military Modernization and Global Defense Industry Convergence

The 33rd International Defence Industry Exhibition (MSPO), held in Kielce, Poland from September 2-5, 2025, marked a pivotal moment in European defense cooperation and military modernization. Against the backdrop of heightened geopolitical tensions in Eastern Europe, Poland’s record-breaking defense spending, amounting to 4.7% of GDP or approximately $48.7 billion in 2025, has positioned the country as a central hub for NATO’s eastern defense strategy. The expo brought together 811 exhibitors from 35 countries and delegations from 45 states, highlighting Poland’s growing influence in shaping regional security and attracting major international defense contractors.

Boeing’s unveiling of the enhanced F-15EX Eagle II, paired with the MQ-28 Ghost Bat drone, was among the expo’s most significant developments, directly addressing Poland’s requirements for “affordable mass” in airpower. This article explores the expo’s broader context, technological highlights, and the implications of Poland’s ambitious military modernization program for both national and alliance security.

Poland’s Defense Transformation and Strategic Context

Poland’s military expansion is one of the most significant in post-Cold War Europe, fundamentally altering the strategic landscape of NATO’s eastern flank. The country’s defense budget is set to reach 4.8% of GDP in 2026, the highest in NATO, driven largely by security concerns following Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine. This shift is not only a reaction to immediate threats but also a strategic restructuring of national priorities, as reflected in the 2026 budget’s allocation of 200 billion zloty (about $47 billion) for defense.

Poland’s geographical position, bordering Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, places it at the forefront of regional instability. The government’s response has been to prioritize rapid military modernization and domestic defense manufacturing, with entities like Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa (PGZ) playing a central role. This push is further motivated by the need to address supply-chain vulnerabilities exposed by the Ukraine conflict, ensuring operational autonomy in crisis situations.

While European and Canadian defense spending collectively increased to 2.02% of GDP in 2024, Poland’s commitment far exceeds these averages. Only Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania approach similar spending levels within NATO, underscoring shared concerns along the alliance’s eastern frontier.

Historical and Geopolitical Drivers

Poland’s defense posture is shaped by historical experiences and contemporary security imperatives. Prime Minister Donald Tusk’s assertion that “we will defend [the border] with a modern, large army” captures the urgency and scale of the effort. The shift from 1.66% of GDP on defense in 2022 to nearly 5% by 2026 illustrates a dramatic reprioritization in response to external threats.

Domestic manufacturing is central to the strategy, aiming to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers. This approach is informed by the lessons of Ukraine, where delayed or interrupted foreign deliveries had direct operational impacts. PGZ’s expanding capabilities are thus both a military and economic asset.

Poland’s emphasis on NATO interoperability ensures that its investments enhance alliance-wide security, not just national defense. The focus on standardization, such as NATO-compatible artillery, facilitates joint operations and logistics.

“We won’t defend the Polish border with a small deficit. We will defend it with a modern, large army.”, Prime Minister Donald Tusk

Financial Commitments and Defense Procurement

At MSPO 2025, Poland announced 7.46 billion PLN ($2.04 billion USD) in new defense contracts with domestic companies. The largest contract, worth 3.9 billion PLN, involves the PGZ-NAREW consortium delivering 46 PET/PCL Passive Location Radar-Systems. Additional contracts include 23,000 MSBS Grot assault rifles and modernization of radar stations, reflecting a broad-based upgrade across multiple domains.

These investments are part of a multi-year modernization effort, with the 2026 defense budget representing 4.8% of GDP, well above the NATO average. The government frames this spending as both a security and economic policy, supporting domestic industry and job creation.

Poland’s approach also includes significant research and development partnerships with academic institutions, such as the MSBS Grot rifle program developed with the Military University of Technology. This model integrates innovation, production, and operational deployment.

MSPO 2025: Exhibition Overview and Key Highlights

The MSPO 2025 expo was the largest in its history, with 811 exhibitors from 35 countries and delegations from 45 states. Held at Targi Kielce, the event covered 90,000 square meters across seven halls, providing a platform for technology demonstrations, strategic discussions, and international cooperation.

Major defense contractors, including Airbus Helicopters, Leonardo, Thales, Raytheon, and Lockheed Martin, used the expo to showcase new technologies and forge strategic partnerships. The program featured over 45 conferences and seminars on emerging threats, lessons from the Ukraine conflict, and NATO interoperability.

Attendance and participation figures underscore the expo’s growing importance. The 2024 edition drew over 34,000 visitors and 625 exhibitors, while the 2025 event’s expansion reflects increasing international interest in Poland as both a market and a manufacturing hub.

Boeing’s F-15EX and MQ-28 Ghost Bat Initiative

Boeing’s presence at MSPO 2025 was marked by the introduction of the F-15EX Eagle II fighter, paired with the MQ-28 Ghost Bat drone. This “Team Eagle” offering, developed with BAE Systems, GE Aerospace, and Raytheon, addresses Poland’s need for cost-effective, scalable airpower. The F-15EX’s payload capacity of 30,000 pounds and the MQ-28’s 3,700 km range provide a potent combination for deterrence and multi-domain operations.

The MQ-28 Ghost Bat, developed by Boeing Defence Australia, has completed extensive test flights and is scheduled for air-to-air weapons testing within a year. Its ability to operate autonomously or in coordination with manned aircraft exemplifies the manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) trend shaping modern air forces.

Boeing’s proposal includes industrial cooperation and local production, aligning with Poland’s emphasis on domestic manufacturing. The Polish Ministry of National Defence is expected to issue a Letter of Request for the package by late 2025, reflecting the urgency of the modernization program.

“The F-15EX and MQ-28 Ghost Bat create an unbeatable team for Poland’s defense.”, Tim Flood, Boeing Senior Director of International Business Development

Technology Innovations and Military Systems

MSPO 2025 showcased a range of advanced military technologies across land, air, and maritime domains. Highlights included the debut of Poland’s Rosomak-L armored vehicle with the Turra 30 SA remote turret system, Ukraine’s 2S22 Bohdana self-propelled howitzer, and the Bluszcz unmanned mine-laying vehicle.

International innovations were also prominent, such as Hyundai WIA’s lightweight 105mm self-propelled howitzer and the Stormrider unmanned combat boat by WB Group. These systems reflect the shift toward automation, precision, and multi-domain integration in modern warfare.

Robotic ground systems, modular soldier equipment, and advanced radar and electronic warfare capabilities were also on display, illustrating the comprehensive modernization underway in Poland and its regional partners.

International Defense Cooperation and Industry Development

MSPO 2025 was a catalyst for new defense cooperation agreements. PGZ signed memoranda with Saab for multi-domain defense projects, Fincantieri for naval platform development, and Babcock International for naval construction and through-life support. These agreements aim to enhance both immediate capabilities and long-term industrial growth.

The event also highlighted the deepening relationship between Poland and Ukraine, with Ukrainian Armor securing contracts for ammunition production and logistics with Polish firms. Embraer’s debut at the expo signaled the growing presence of non-European companies, with the KC-390 Millennium aircraft positioned for the European market.

Domestic industry development was central to the expo. PGZ’s Borsuk Infantry Fighting Vehicle, new small arms, and unmanned systems reflect the maturation of Poland’s defense industrial base. Investments in automation, advanced materials, and research partnerships are positioning Poland as a regional leader in defense manufacturing.

Financial and Procurement Trends

Poland’s defense procurement strategy emphasizes domestic production and technology transfer. The $2.04 billion in contracts signed at MSPO 2025 covers a wide range of capabilities, from radars and rifles to naval training torpedoes. The government’s approach is to balance immediate operational needs with longer-term industrial development.

This strategy is reflected in contracts for the PET/PCL Passive Location Radar system, MSBS Grot rifles, and modernization of NUR-12ME radar stations. These investments are designed to enhance both military effectiveness and economic resilience.

Poland’s defense spending trajectory, rising from 1.66% of GDP in 2022 to 4.8% in 2026, underscores a sustained commitment to modernization and alliance interoperability.

Technological and Strategic Trends

Autonomous systems, precision engagement, and multi-domain integration were dominant themes at MSPO 2025. The rapid development of unmanned vehicles, advanced artillery, and electronic warfare capabilities reflects lessons learned from the Ukraine conflict and anticipates future operational requirements.

Artificial intelligence, modular design, and energy resilience are increasingly central to military effectiveness. Systems like the RAF1 autonomous mobile photovoltaic plant and AI-driven radar platforms illustrate the integration of civilian technology advances into defense applications.

The expo also highlighted the trend toward manned-unmanned teaming, with Boeing’s F-15EX/Ghost Bat combination serving as a model for future airpower. These innovations are shaping the next generation of military capabilities for Poland and its allies.

“Polish technological innovation, investment in the Polish economy, jobs, and everything we care about, namely, security combined with the economy.”, Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense

Conclusion

MSPO 2025 showcased Poland’s rapid transformation into a leading force in European defense, underpinned by record defense spending, robust industrial development, and deepening international partnerships. The expo’s scale and sophistication reflect both urgent security imperatives and a strategic vision for long-term resilience and alliance integration.

Boeing’s F-15EX/Ghost Bat proposal, the expansion of domestic manufacturing, and the adoption of next-generation technologies demonstrate how Poland is setting new standards for military modernization. As the country continues to invest in its defense sector, its role as a regional security anchor and a model for alliance-driven modernization will only grow in importance.

FAQ

Q: What is MSPO 2025 and why is it significant?
A: MSPO 2025 is the 33rd International Defence Industry Exhibition held in Kielce, Poland. It is significant due to Poland’s unprecedented defense spending, the scale of international participation, and the showcase of advanced military technologies and strategic partnerships.

Q: What were the major highlights from Boeing at MSPO 2025?
A: Boeing introduced the F-15EX Eagle II fighter paired with the MQ-28 Ghost Bat drone, offering Poland a cost-effective, scalable airpower solution with advanced manned-unmanned teaming capabilities.

Q: How is Poland’s defense spending changing?
A: Poland’s defense spending has increased dramatically, reaching 4.7% of GDP in 2025 and projected to hit 4.8% in 2026, the highest in NATO. This supports major procurement and domestic manufacturing initiatives.

Q: What role does domestic industry play in Poland’s defense strategy?
A: Domestic industry is central, with entities like PGZ leading indigenous production and technology development. The strategy aims to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers and build long-term economic resilience.

Q: What are the key technological trends highlighted at MSPO 2025?
A: Key trends include autonomous systems, precision engagement, multi-domain integration, artificial intelligence, modular design, and energy resilience, all reflecting lessons from recent conflicts and future military requirements.

Sources:
OnFirstUp – Boeing MSPO 2025 Highlights