Defense & Military
UK Certifies Protector RG Mk1 Drone for NATO Airspace Operations
Royal Air Force’s MQ-9B becomes first large unmanned aircraft certified under NATO standards, enabling global military and civil missions.
The certification of the Protector RG Mk1, also known as the MQ-9B, marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of unmanned aerial systems (UAV). On April 29, 2025, the United Kingdom’s Military Aviation Authority (MAA) issued a Military Type Certificate (MTC) to the Royal Air Force’s (RAF) Protector, making it the first large remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) to meet NATO’s STANAG 4671 airworthiness standards. This certification allows the aircraft to operate without geographic restrictions, including over populated areas, a first for a platform of this size and capability.
This milestone is not just a technical achievement, it represents a broader shift in how militaries around the world are integrating unmanned platforms into their core operations. With the MQ-9B’s certification, the UK sets a precedent for safe, regulated, and scalable use of RPAS in both military and civil airspace. The implications extend beyond defense, touching on regulatory frameworks, technological innovation, and ethical considerations.
General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI), the manufacturer behind the MQ-9B, invested over $500 million and more than a decade of research and development to meet the rigorous demands of NATO’s airworthiness standards. The result is a platform that not only enhances operational capabilities but also redefines what is possible in unmanned aviation.
The STANAG 4671 standard, developed by NATO, outlines strict requirements for the airworthiness of unmanned aircraft systems. For the MQ-9B, compliance involved the integration of advanced safety and reliability features, such as lightning and fire protection, anti-icing systems, and a fatigue-and-damage-tolerant structural design. These enhancements distinguish the MQ-9B from its predecessors and competitors alike.
All flight-critical software and related systems were developed in accordance with DO-178C and DO-254 standards, ensuring high levels of safety and redundancy. Mission software is isolated from flight-critical systems, a design choice that minimizes the risk of software interference and enhances cybersecurity resilience.
GA-ASI subjected the aircraft to extensive component and system-level environmental testing, including full-scale static and fatigue testing equivalent to three full lifetimes—totaling 120,000 flight hours. These efforts culminated in the generation of over 140,000 pages of technical documentation submitted for certification review.
“Earning an MTC for MQ-9B was a herculean effort and a seminal achievement for our company,” said GA-ASI CEO Linden Blue.
The Protector RG Mk1 brings unprecedented operational flexibility to the RAF. With an endurance of over 40 hours and a payload capacity of 4,800 pounds, it can carry precision-guided munitions like the Paveway IV and Brimstone missiles, along with advanced multi-sensor surveillance systems. Its global reach, enabled by satellite communications, allows it to operate across continents without direct line-of-sight control.
One of the most transformative aspects of the Protector is its detect-and-avoid system, which adheres to civil aviation standards. This system enables safe integration into civilian airspace, opening the door for missions that range from disaster response to intelligence gathering over urban areas—scenarios previously restricted for unmanned systems of this size. Currently, the RAF has taken delivery of 10 out of the 16 ordered aircraft, with full operational capability expected by 2026. The total investment of £3 billion ($3.7 billion) covers not only the aircraft but also ground control stations and a comprehensive training infrastructure.
The UK is not alone in recognizing the strategic value of the MQ-9B. NATO allies such as Belgium and Australia have placed orders for the system, while Japan and Taiwan are integrating it into their maritime and border surveillance operations. The U.S. Air Force also employs the MQ-9B in support of Special Operations Command missions.
This growing adoption underscores the aircraft’s interoperability and compliance with international standards. Its participation in multinational exercises like RIMPAC and Integrated Battle Problem further demonstrates its versatility and reliability across varied operational environments.
As NATO continues to emphasize joint operations and standardized equipment, the MQ-9B’s certification becomes a benchmark for future RPAS development and procurement. It provides a template for aligning technological innovation with regulatory compliance across allied forces.
The certification of the Protector RG Mk1 is more than a technical feat—it signals a shift in military doctrine. As unmanned systems become more reliable and capable, they are transitioning from niche tools to central components of national defense strategies. The UK’s Future Combat Air System strategy places significant emphasis on RPAS, with the Protector serving as a cornerstone of that vision.
According to Justin Bronk of the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), “The UK is leading a paradigm shift—militaries can no longer treat UAVs as niche tools but as mainstream assets.” This sentiment reflects a growing consensus among defense analysts that UAS will play a pivotal role in future conflicts, particularly in contested and denied environments.
The integration of RPAS into shared airspace also opens up new possibilities for joint civil-military operations, including border patrol, search and rescue, and environmental monitoring. These applications could reshape how governments deploy aerial assets in both peacetime and crisis scenarios.
The MTC awarded to the MQ-9B aligns with the International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO) efforts to standardize RPAS regulations globally. This alignment facilitates cross-border operations and simplifies the regulatory landscape for countries looking to adopt similar systems. From a market perspective, the military UAV sector is projected to grow significantly by 2030, driven by demand for multirole platforms like the MQ-9B. Its NATO compliance gives it a competitive edge, particularly in Western markets where adherence to international standards is non-negotiable.
However, competition is intensifying. Platforms such as China’s Wing Loong-3 and Turkey’s Akıncı offer alternative capabilities, often at lower costs. Nevertheless, the MQ-9B’s certification and proven performance give it a strategic advantage in defense procurement decisions.
The growing role of armed UAVs in populated areas raises ethical questions about accountability, civilian safety, and the potential for autonomous weapons. The RAF has emphasized that the Protector operates with human-in-the-loop control, ensuring that all lethal decisions are made by trained personnel rather than automated systems.
This commitment to oversight is crucial in maintaining public trust and compliance with international humanitarian law. As unmanned systems become more autonomous, maintaining a clear chain of command and decision-making will be essential to ethical deployment.
Transparency in operations, including clear rules of engagement and post-mission assessments, will further mitigate risks and reinforce the legitimacy of RPAS in both military and civilian contexts.
The certification of the Protector RG Mk1 represents a watershed moment in the history of unmanned aviation. By meeting NATO’s highest airworthiness standards, the MQ-9B sets a new benchmark for safety, reliability, and operational flexibility. It enables the UK and its allies to deploy advanced capabilities in both military and civilian airspace, broadening the scope and utility of RPAS in the modern era.
Looking ahead, the integration of certified RPAS into global airspace will likely accelerate. As regulatory frameworks evolve and technological capabilities expand, platforms like the MQ-9B will play a central role in shaping the future of aerial operations—both in combat and beyond.
What is the Protector RG Mk1? Why is the Military Type Certificate important? How many Protector aircraft has the UK ordered? Sources:
UK Certifies Protector RG Mk1: A New Era for Remotely Piloted Aircraft
Engineering Excellence: What Sets the MQ-9B Apart
Meeting NATO’s STANAG 4671 Standards
Operational Capabilities and Flexibility
Global Adoption and NATO Interoperability
Strategic and Ethical Implications
Shaping the Future of Military Aviation
Regulatory and Market Impact
Ethical Considerations and Human Oversight
Conclusion
FAQ
The Protector RG Mk1 is a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) developed by GA-ASI for the UK Royal Air Force. It is based on the MQ-9B SkyGuardian platform.
The MTC certifies that the aircraft meets NATO’s STANAG 4671 airworthiness standards, allowing it to operate safely over populated areas and in civil airspace.
The UK has ordered 16 Protector aircraft, with 10 delivered as of 2025. Full operational capability is expected by 2026.
GA-ASI Press Release,
UK Ministry of Defence,
NATO STANAG 4671,
RAF Statement,
Janes Defence Weekly
Photo Credit: GeneralAtomics
Defense & Military
Firehawk Aerospace Expands Rocket Motor Production in Mississippi Facility
Firehawk Aerospace acquires a DCMA-rated facility in Mississippi to boost production of solid rocket motors using 3D-printing technology.
This article is based on an official press release from Firehawk Aerospace.
On December 19, 2025, Firehawk Aerospace announced a significant expansion of its manufacturing capabilities with the acquisition of a specialized defense facility in Crawford, Mississippi. The Dallas-based defense technology company has secured a 20-year lease on the 636-acre site, which was formerly operated by Nammo Talley.
This acquisition marks a strategic pivot for Firehawk as it moves to address critical shortages in the U.S. defense supply chain. By taking over a facility that is already rated by the Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA), the company aims to bypass the lengthy construction and certification timelines typically associated with greenfield defense projects. The site will serve as a hub for the full-system integration of solid rocket motors (SRMs), complementing the company’s existing R&D operations in Texas and energetics production in Oklahoma.
The Crawford facility is located in Lowndes County within Mississippi’s “Golden Triangle” region. According to the company’s announcement, the site is a “turnkey” defense asset designed specifically for handling high-grade explosives and munitions. The infrastructure includes assembly bays protected by one-foot-thick concrete walls and safety “blowout” walls designed to contain accidental detonations.
Because the facility was previously used by Nammo Defense Systems for the high-volume assembly of shoulder-launched munitions, such as the M72 LAW and SMAW systems, it retains the necessary regulatory certifications to allow for rapid operational ramp-up. Firehawk Aerospace CEO Will Edwards emphasized the urgency of this expansion in a statement regarding the deal.
“This acquisition strengthens Firehawk’s ability to address one of the nation’s most urgent defense challenges: rebuilding munition inventories that have been drawn down faster than they can be replaced.”
, Will Edwards, Co-founder and CEO of Firehawk Aerospace
The acquisition comes at a time when the Western defense industrial base is grappling with a severe shortage of solid rocket motors, which power critical systems like the Javelin, Stinger, and GMLRS missiles. Traditional manufacturing methods, which involve casting propellant in large batches that take weeks to cure, have created production bottlenecks.
Firehawk Aerospace intends to disrupt this model by utilizing proprietary 3D-printing technology to manufacture propellant grains. According to the press release, this additive manufacturing approach reduces production times from weeks to hours. The company has explicitly stated that the new Mississippi facility is being designed to achieve a production tempo of “thousands of rockets per month,” a significant increase over legacy industry standards. “While the current industrial base is built to produce thousands of rockets per year, we are building this site… to operate at a much higher production tempo… designing for throughput measured in thousands per month, not years.”
, Will Edwards, CEO
The expansion is expected to bring skilled jobs to the Golden Triangle region, which is increasingly becoming a hub for aerospace and defense activity. Mississippi Governor Tate Reeves welcomed the investments, noting the dual benefits of economic growth and national security support.
“Their acquisition in Crawford will bring skilled jobs to the region while directly contributing to the production capacity our nation needs.”
, Tate Reeves, Governor of Mississippi
From R&D to Mass Production: This acquisition signals Firehawk’s transition from a development-focused startup to a volume manufacturer. By securing a pre-rated facility, Firehawk has effectively shaved 2–3 years off its timeline, the period typically required to build and certify a new explosives handling site. This speed is critical given the current geopolitical demand for tactical munitions.
Supply Chain Decentralization: The move also highlights a strategy of decentralization. By distributing operations across Texas (R&D), Oklahoma (Energetics), and now Mississippi (Integration), Firehawk is building a supply chain that may prove more resilient than centralized legacy models. This geographic diversity also allows the company to tap into distinct labor markets and state-level incentives, such as Mississippi’s aerospace initiatives.
What is the significance of the DCMA rating? How does Firehawk’s technology differ from traditional methods? What was the facility used for previously?
Firehawk Aerospace Acquires Mississippi Facility to Scale Rocket Motor Production
Strategic Asset Details
Addressing the “Rocket Motor Crisis”
Regional Economic Impact
AirPro News Analysis
Frequently Asked Questions
A DCMA (Defense Contract Management Agency) rating verifies that a facility meets strict Department of Defense quality and safety standards. Acquiring a pre-rated facility allows Firehawk to begin production much faster than if they had to build and certify a new site from scratch.
Traditional solid rocket motors are cast in large batches, a process that requires weeks for the propellant to cure. Firehawk uses 3D-printing technology to print propellant grains, which allows for custom geometries and reduces the manufacturing time to mere hours.
The facility was formerly operated by Nammo Talley (now Nammo Defense Systems) for the assembly of shoulder-launched munitions, including the M72 LAW and SMAW systems.Sources
Photo Credit: Firehawk Aerospace
Defense & Military
20 Years of the F-22 Raptor Operational Capability and Upgrades
Lockheed Martin celebrates 20 years of the F-22 Raptor’s operational service, highlighting its stealth, combat roles, readiness challenges, and modernization.
Lockheed Martin has launched a campaign commemorating the 20th anniversary of the F-22 Raptor achieving Initial Operational Capability (IOC). In December 2005, the 27th Fighter Squadron at Langley Air Force Base in Virginia became the first unit to field the fifth-generation fighter, marking a significant shift in global air superiority.
According to the manufacturer’s announcement, the aircraft continues to define the benchmark for modern air combat. In a statement regarding the milestone, Lockheed Martin emphasized the platform’s enduring relevance:
“The F-22 Raptor sets the global standard for capability, readiness, and mission success.”
While the airframe was designed in the 1990s and first flew in 1997, the F-22 remains a central pillar of U.S. air power. The fleet, which consists of approximately 185 remaining aircraft out of the 195 originally built, has evolved from a pure air superiority fighter into a multi-role platform capable of ground strikes and strategic deterrence.
Since its operational debut, the F-22 has maintained a reputation for dominance, primarily established through high-end military aircraft exercises rather than direct air-to-air combat against manned aircraft.
Data from the U.S. Air Force and independent observers highlights the discrepancy between the Raptor’s exercise performance and its real-world combat engagements. During the 2006 Northern Edge exercise, its first major test after becoming operational, the F-22 reportedly achieved a 108-to-0 kill ratio against simulated adversaries flying F-15s, F-16s, and F/A-18s.
Despite this lethality in training, the aircraft’s combat record is distinct. The F-22 made its combat debut in September 2014 during Operation Inherent Resolve, conducting ground strikes against ISIS targets in Syria. To date, the aircraft has zero confirmed kills against manned enemy aircraft. Its sole air-to-air victory occurred in February 2023, when an F-22 utilized an AIM-9X Sidewinder missile to down a high-altitude Chinese surveillance balloon off the coast of South Carolina.
The primary driver of the F-22’s longevity is its low observable technology. Defense analysts estimate the Raptor’s Radar Cross Section (RCS) to be approximately 0.0001 square meters, roughly the size of a steel marble. This makes it significantly stealthier than the F-35 Lightning II and orders of magnitude harder to detect than foreign competitors like the Russian Su-57 or the Chinese J-20.
While Lockheed Martin’s anniversary campaign highlights “readiness” as a key pillar of the F-22’s legacy, recent Air Force data suggests a more complex reality regarding the fleet’s health. We note that maintaining the world’s premier stealth fighter comes at a steep logistical cost. According to data published by Air & Space Forces Magazine regarding Fiscal Year 2024, the F-22’s mission capable (MC) rate dropped to approximately 40%. This figure represents a decline from roughly 52% in the previous fiscal year and indicates that, at any given time, fewer than half of the Raptors in the inventory are flyable and combat-ready.
This low readiness rate is largely attributed to the fragility of the aircraft’s stealth coatings and the aging avionics of the older airframes. The Air Force has previously attempted to retire 32 older “Block 20” F-22s used for training to divert funds toward newer programs, though Congress has blocked these efforts to preserve fleet numbers. The contrast between the jet’s theoretical dominance and its logistical availability remains a critical challenge for planners.
Contrary to earlier projections that might have seen the F-22 retired in the 2030s, the Air Force is investing heavily to keep the platform viable until the Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) fighter comes online.
In 2021, the Air Force awarded Lockheed Martin a $10.9 billion contract for the Advanced Raptor Enhancement and Sustainment (ARES) program. This decade-long modernization effort aims to update the fleet’s hardware and software.
According to budget documents for Fiscal Year 2026, the “Viability” upgrade package includes several key enhancements:
These investments suggest that while the F-22 is celebrating its past 20 years, the Air Force intends to rely on its capabilities well into the next decade.
Sources: Lockheed Martin, U.S. Air Force
Two Decades of the Raptor: Celebrating the F-22’s Operational Milestone
Operational History and Combat Record
Exercise Performance vs. Combat Reality
Stealth Capabilities
AirPro News Analysis: The Readiness Paradox
Modernization and Future Outlook
The ARES Contract and Upgrades
Sources
Photo Credit: Lockheed Martin
Defense & Military
U.S. Navy Zero-G Helmet System Completes Critical Design Review
Collins Elbit Vision Systems completes design review for the Zero-G Helmet Display, reducing pilot weight load and enhancing safety for Navy aircraft.
This article is based on an official press release from Collins Elbit Vision Systems (RTX).
Collins Elbit Vision Systems (CEVS), a joint venture between RTX’s Collins Aerospace and Elbit Systems of America, has officially announced the completion of the Critical Design Review (CDR) for the Zero-G Helmet Mounted Display System+ (HMDS+). This milestone, finalized on December 12, 2025, marks a pivotal step in the U.S. Navy’s Improved Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System (IJHMCS) program.
The successful CDR effectively freezes the system’s design, confirming that the helmet meets the Navy’s rigorous requirements for safety, performance, and platform integration. With the design locked, the program now transitions into the airworthiness testing and integration phase, bringing the system closer to deployment aboard the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and EA-18G Growler fleets.
According to the press release, the Zero-G HMDS+ is engineered to address long-standing physiological challenges faced by naval aviators while introducing “6th-generation” digital capabilities to existing 4.5-generation aircraft.
The Zero-G HMDS+ represents a significant departure from legacy analog systems. While previous iterations required pilots to physically attach heavy Night Vision Goggles (NVGs) for low-light operations, the new system integrates digital night vision directly into the visor. This integration streamlines cockpit operations and reduces the physical burden on the aircrew.
A primary driver for the Zero-G’s development is the reduction of head-borne weight. High-G maneuvers in fighter aircraft place immense strain on a pilot’s neck and spine, a hazard exacerbated by heavy, unbalanced legacy helmets. CEVS reports that the Zero-G system is more than 25 percent lighter than current market alternatives. Its name is derived from its optimized center of gravity, designed to minimize fatigue and long-term injury risks.
Capt. Joseph Kamara, the U.S. Navy Program Manager for Naval Aircrew Systems (PMA-202), emphasized the safety implications of the new design in a statement:
“Aircrew health and safety is our number one priority. The Zero-G being integrated through our IJHMCS program promises to relieve aircrew of neck and back strain and greatly improve ejection safety.”
Beyond ergonomics, the helmet utilizes a binocular waveguide display system. Unlike monocular reticles used in older models, this technology projects high-definition color symbology and video into both eyes, creating a fully immersive 3D view of the battlespace. The system is capable of “sensor fusion at the edge,” processing mission data and weapon information directly on the helmet to act as a primary flight instrument. Luke Savoie, President and CEO of Elbit Systems of America, highlighted the strategic necessity of this upgrade:
“Zero-G is providing sensor fusion at the edge… As fighter aircraft level-up, the HMDs of those systems need to as well.”
The Zero-G HMDS+ program has moved rapidly since CEVS was awarded a $16 million contract by the U.S. Navy in September 2023 for development and test support. Following the successful CDR in December 2025, the program is scheduled to undergo flight testing and Avionics integration throughout 2026 and 2027.
The U.S. Navy projects Initial Operational Capability (IOC) for the system in 2027. Once fielded, it is expected to equip aviators across the entire fleet of U.S. Navy and Royal Australian Air Force Super Hornets and Growlers, totaling more than 750 aircraft.
The completion of the CDR signals a critical maturity point for the Navy’s effort to modernize the human-machine interface in its tactical fleet. While much industry attention is focused on future platforms like NGAD (Next Generation Air Dominance), the Zero-G program illustrates the military’s commitment to maintaining the lethality and survivability of its existing backbone fleet.
By adapting technology originally matured for the F-35 Gen III helmet, CEVS is effectively retrofitting advanced situational awareness tools onto older airframes. This approach not only extends the combat relevance of the Super Hornet but also addresses the acute retention issue of pilot physical health. The shift to digital night vision and balanced weight distribution suggests that the Navy views pilot longevity as a critical component of fleet readiness.
Critical Design Review Completed for Navy’s Next-Gen Helmet
Technical Leap: The Zero-G HMDS+
Weight Reduction and Pilot Safety
Advanced Display Capabilities
Program Timeline and Deployment
AirPro News Analysis
Sources
Photo Credit: RTX
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