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Merlin Achieves SOI 2 Milestone with New Zealand Aviation Authority

Merlin progresses in certifying its AI autonomous flight system by reaching SOI 2 with New Zealand’s aviation authority, advancing global approval.

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Merlin’s Autonomous Flight Tech Clears Major Hurdle on Path to Certification

In the world of aviation, safety and reliability are paramount. The process of introducing new technology, especially something as groundbreaking as artificial intelligence-powered autonomous flight, is rightly subjected to intense scrutiny. This is the world Boston-based Merlin operates in, developing autonomous flight technology for both commercial and military aircraft. The company’s flagship product, the Merlin Pilot, is an AI-driven system designed to handle an aircraft from takeoff to touchdown. This isn’t just a far-off concept; it’s a technology actively moving through the rigorous certification process required to make it a reality in our skies.

Recently, Merlin announced a significant step forward in this journey. The company has achieved Stage of Involvement (SOI) 2 with the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (CAA NZ). This milestone is part of a meticulous, multi-stage audit process known as DO-178, which is the global standard for certifying airborne software. Reaching SOI 2 signifies that the regulators are deeply engaged in reviewing the software’s development, providing a critical vote of confidence in Merlin’s approach. This isn’t just a procedural checkbox; it’s a clear signal that the path to certifying AI in aviation is becoming more defined.

The significance of this achievement extends beyond Merlin itself. As the aviation industry grapples with pilot shortages and looks for ways to enhance safety and efficiency, autonomous systems are seen as a key part of the future. Merlin’s progress with regulators in New Zealand, which is being conducted in parallel with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), could help establish a clear and trusted framework for certifying these advanced systems globally. It’s a methodical, step-by-step process designed to build trust and ensure that the future of flight is as safe as its past.

The Nitty-Gritty of Certification: What is SOI 2?

The certification of flight-critical software is a marathon, not a sprint. The DO-178 standard is broken down into several Stages of Involvement, or SOIs, to allow regulators to oversee the development process from start to finish. Merlin’s journey began with achieving SOI 1 in May 2023, which involved the CAA NZ’s acceptance of the company’s detailed planning documents. This initial stage is all about laying the groundwork, defining how the software will be designed, built, and tested to meet the highest safety standards.

Achieving SOI 2 is a much more substantial milestone. At this stage, approximately half of the software data for the Flight Control Computer (FCC) has been formally reviewed by the regulatory body. This means the CAA NZ has moved beyond reviewing plans and is now examining the actual execution of those plans. They are looking at the code, the tests, and the documentation to ensure everything aligns with the agreed-upon safety-critical standards. It’s a demonstration of transparency and proves that Merlin is adhering to the disciplined engineering practices required for such a critical system.

This concurrent validation with the FAA is also a crucial part of the strategy. Under the Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement between the U.S. and New Zealand, the progress made with the CAA NZ directly informs the FAA’s own certification process. This dual-track approach is efficient and suggests a clear pathway to market in two key aviation jurisdictions. The aircraft at the center of this certification program is Merlin’s Cessna Grand Caravan 208B, a versatile and widely used aircraft, making the potential impact of this Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) significant.

“SOI 2 reflects the disciplined engineering and certification practices our team has put in place. Each stage of this process deepens regulator confidence, reduces program risk, and advances the Merlin Pilot toward certification and real-world operations.”

— Tim Burns, Chief Technology Officer at Merlin

Building Momentum: Military Contracts and Public Offerings

While the civil certification process is a major focus, Merlin has also been making significant inroads in the defense sector. The company has secured over $100 million in contracts from military customers, a testament to the robustness and potential of its autonomous flight technology. These partnerships, including one with industry giant Northrop Grumman, allow Merlin to develop and refine its systems in demanding, real-world environments. This dual-use strategy is smart, as advancements in the defense sector often pave the way for innovations in civil aviation.

Further signaling its growth trajectory, Merlin recently announced its intention to go public. The company plans to merge with Inflection Point Acquisition Corp. IV, a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC). This move is designed to provide the capital necessary to scale its operations, continue its research and development, and push the Merlin Pilot through the final stages of certification and into commercial service. Going public is a significant step for any company, and for Merlin, it reflects a strong belief in its technology and its market potential.

The company is also expanding its physical footprint and operational capabilities. Merlin has established Hanscom Field in Massachusetts as its new flight test center, with operations slated to begin in early 2027. This facility will be crucial for the flight test campaign of its certification-ready Cessna Caravan. Additionally, a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the United States Air Force (USAF) aims to advance autonomous capabilities to improve mission resilience in contested environments. These developments paint a picture of a company that is not just focused on a single milestone but is building a comprehensive ecosystem to support its long-term vision.

The Broader Skies: Implications for the Future of Aviation

Merlin’s steady progress is more than just a corporate success story; it’s a bellwether for the entire aviation industry. The successful collaboration between a technology developer and a civil aviation authority on a system as complex as an AI-powered pilot sets a valuable precedent. It demonstrates that a pathway exists for the safe integration of autonomy into the national airspace. As regulators become more familiar and comfortable with these systems through processes like the SOI audits, the door opens for wider adoption.

The potential benefits of this technology are vast. For the cargo and logistics industry, autonomous flight could lead to more efficient and cost-effective operations. In passenger transport, it could enhance safety by reducing human error and assisting pilots in complex situations. Furthermore, as the industry faces a global pilot shortage, autonomous systems could help bridge the gap, ensuring that air travel remains a reliable and accessible mode of transportation. The journey is long, and there are still hurdles to overcome, but milestones like Merlin’s SOI 2 achievement are critical steps in the right direction, moving autonomous flight from the realm of science fiction to a tangible reality.

FAQ

Question: What is the Merlin Pilot?
Answer: The Merlin Pilot is an AI-powered software system developed by Merlin that enables takeoff-to-touchdown autonomy for aircraft.

Question: What does Stage of Involvement (SOI) 2 mean?
Answer: SOI 2 is a key milestone in the DO-178 certification process for airborne software. It means that approximately 50% of the software data has been formally reviewed by the aviation authority, in this case, the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (CAA NZ).

Question: Which aircraft is Merlin using for certification?
Answer: Merlin is conducting its certification program on a Cessna Grand Caravan 208B.

Question: Is Merlin working with the FAA?
Answer: Yes, the certification pathway with the CAA NZ is being run concurrently for validation with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) under a bilateral agreement.

Sources

Photo Credit: Merlin

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Sustainable Aviation

Menzies Aviation Achieves 25 Percent Electric Ground Support Equipment Target

Menzies Aviation reached its goal of 25% electric Ground Support Equipment globally by 2025, investing $200M and expanding alternative fuel use.

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This article is based on an official press release from Menzies Aviation.

The aviation industry faces mounting pressure to decarbonize, and while in-flight emissions dominate headlines, ground operations offer immediate opportunities for sustainability. According to a recent press release, Menzies Aviation has officially reached its global target of electrifying 25% of its Ground Support Equipment (GSE) by the end of 2025.

Menzies Aviation, recognized as the world’s largest aviation services company operating at 347 airports across 65 countries, achieved this milestone through a dedicated $200 million investment aimed at modernizing its vehicle fleet. The company reported adding more than 620 electric GSE assets to its operations in 2025 alone, pushing the global proportion of its electric equipment from 22% in 2024 to the 25% target. Currently, 11 Menzies locations operate fleets with more than 70% electric GSE, and over 20 locations have surpassed the 50% mark.

Driving the Transition: Fleet Modernization and Regional Success

European Operations Lead the Charge

The transition to electric GSE is heavily dependent on local airport charging infrastructure, leading to regional variations in adoption. In its press release, Menzies Aviation highlighted Europe as the leading region, with more than 50% of all GSE across the continent now fully electric.

Specific European locations have achieved even higher electrification rates. At Milan Malpensa Airport (MXP) in Italy, a partnership with AGS Handling has resulted in over 80% of motorized GSE becoming electric. When combined with a permanent switch to electric Pre-Conditioned Air Units, this allows for fully electric aircraft turnarounds. Additionally, the company noted that Manchester Airport in the UK increased its electric GSE to 40% following the deployment of two hybrid de-icing rigs, while London Gatwick (LGW) and Copenhagen (CPH) introduced fully electric fuel hydrant dispensers to support quieter, lower-emission operations.

Progress in Oceania and South East Asia

Progress is also visible outside of Europe. Menzies Aviation reported that its operations in Oceania and South East Asia increased to 30% electric GSE in 2025. As part of this regional push, the company has initiated trials for electric ground power units (GPUs) in Cairns, Australia.

Bridging the Gap with Alternative Fuels

Recognizing that full electrification is not yet viable at all airports due to infrastructure constraints, Menzies Aviation has expanded its use of lower-emission alternative fuels. The company’s press release details a significant pivot toward Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) where electric charging grids remain insufficient.

In 2025, Menzies utilized two million liters of HVO, marking a 50% year-on-year increase from 2024. According to the company, HVO has fully replaced diesel in several major locations, including San Diego, Los Angeles, Amsterdam, and Stockholm Arlanda. The use of this alternative fuel has also been expanded at London Heathrow (LHR) and London Gatwick (LGW).

Corporate Strategy and Financial Alignment

The 25% electric GSE milestone is a component of Menzies Aviation’s broader “All In” sustainability strategy, which targets net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045. The company noted it is the first major aviation services provider to have its net-zero targets validated by the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi), adding scientific credibility to its corporate goals.

“2025 was a year of real progress towards our net-zero target. Achieving our ambitious goal of 25% electric GSE by 2025 across our fleet and accelerating our adoption of lower‑emissions fuels and renewable energy demonstrates our commitment to reducing emissions, even as our global network continues to grow. We are now focused on building on this momentum, with further increases in electric GSE already underway across our network.”

, Jonathan Hankin, Head of ESG at Menzies Aviation

Crucially, the press release indicates that these sustainability investments are occurring alongside robust financial growth. Menzies reported a 16% year-on-year growth in 2025, surpassing $3 billion in revenue, demonstrating that aggressive decarbonization efforts can run parallel to global expansion.

AirPro News analysis

We observe that while sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and next-generation electric aircraft frequently dominate media coverage regarding aviation decarbonization, ground operations represent a highly actionable area for immediate, measurable emissions reductions. Transitioning tarmac vehicles from diesel to electric power directly reduces Scope 1 emissions while simultaneously improving local air quality and lowering noise pollution for airport workers and surrounding communities.

However, the data provided by Menzies Aviation underscores a critical industry bottleneck: infrastructure. The speed of GSE electrification is intrinsically linked to the willingness and ability of airports to upgrade their electrical grids and charging capabilities. The reliance on bridge technologies like HVO in major hubs such as Los Angeles and London Heathrow highlights that even well-capitalized service providers must wait for municipal and airport infrastructure to catch up with corporate sustainability ambitions.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is Ground Support Equipment (GSE)?
GSE refers to the vehicles and machinery found on an airport tarmac used to service aircraft between flights. This includes baggage tugs, fuel hydrant dispensers, ground power units, and de-icing rigs.

Why is Menzies Aviation using Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)?
While Menzies is transitioning to electric equipment, many airports currently lack the electrical grid infrastructure required to charge large fleets of electric vehicles. HVO serves as a lower-emission “bridge” fuel that can immediately replace diesel in existing combustion engines without requiring new infrastructure.

What is the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi)?
The SBTi is a corporate climate action organization that enables companies to set greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets grounded in climate science. Menzies Aviation is the first major aviation services provider to have its net-zero targets validated by this body.


Sources: Menzies Aviation Press Release

Photo Credit: Menzies Aviation

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Technology & Innovation

Surf Air Mobility Joins FAA-Backed Advanced Aviation Consortium

Surf Air Mobility becomes the first Part 135 operator in the FAA-sponsored CAAT Consortium to support next-gen aviation tech integration.

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This article is based on an official press release from Surf Air Mobility.

Surf Air Mobility Inc. (NYSE: SRFM) has officially become a member organization of the Center for Advanced Aviation Technologies (CAAT) Consortium. According to the company’s press release, this development marks a notable industry milestone, as Surf Air Mobility is the first Part 135 passenger operator to join the initiative.

The CAAT Consortium operates as a collaborative national effort spearheaded by the Texas A&M University System in partnership with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Its primary objective is to facilitate the safe and efficient integration of next-generation aviation technologies, such as electric aircraft and autonomous systems, into the National Airspace System.

By joining this consortium, Surf Air Mobility positions itself at the forefront of regulatory and technological advancements in the air mobility sector. We view this integration between active commercial operators and regulatory research bodies as a critical step toward modernizing aviation infrastructure.

Strategic Benefits of CAAT Membership

Unlocking FAA Collaboration and Research

The official announcement outlines several key advantages for Surf Air Mobility as a new consortium member. Primarily, the company gains eligibility to bid on and respond to FAA-funded task orders that are exclusively available to CAAT members. This opens a direct channel for the operator to contribute to federally backed aviation projects.

Furthermore, membership grants Surf Air Mobility enhanced visibility into the FAA’s research priorities and emerging technology requirements. The company will also participate in exclusive working groups and discussions that help shape future solicitations, allowing them to collaborate closely with government, academic, nonprofit, and industry partners.

Industry and Regulatory Perspectives

Leadership Insights on the Integration

Company leadership emphasized the strategic alignment between their operational goals and the consortium’s mission. Deanna White, CEO of Surf Air Mobility, highlighted the importance of this partnership in developing their intelligent operating system for air mobility.

“Membership puts us alongside the organizations defining how next-generation aviation technologies integrate into the national airspace,” stated White in the press release, noting it allows the company to leverage its AI-enabled software capabilities.

The CAAT leadership also welcomed the addition of a commercial operator to their ranks. Albert Bejarano, Acting Associate Director for CAAT, noted that Surf Air Mobility’s inclusion provides a crucial real-world perspective for the consortium’s ongoing research.

“Surf Air Mobility brings a valuable industry perspective through its real-world aviation operations, operational data, and software-enabled capabilities,” Bejarano noted in the release, adding that their participation will bolster technology evaluation efforts.

AirPro News analysis

We observe that Surf Air Mobility’s entry into the CAAT Consortium as the first Part 135 passenger operator is a significant development for the advanced air mobility (AAM) sector. Part 135 operators handle commuter and on-demand operations, meaning they possess practical, day-to-day data on passenger logistics, flight operations, and airspace utilization.

By bridging the gap between theoretical research and active commercial operations, the FAA and Texas A&M can leverage Surf Air’s operational data to create more realistic evaluation pathways for electric and autonomous aircraft. This symbiotic relationship suggests a maturing regulatory approach, where the FAA is actively seeking input from the operators who will ultimately deploy these emerging technologies in the National Airspace System.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the CAAT Consortium?

The Center for Advanced Aviation Technologies (CAAT) Consortium is a national initiative between the Texas A&M University System and the FAA. It is designed to safely integrate emerging aviation technologies, such as electric and autonomous aircraft, into the National Airspace System.

Why is Surf Air Mobility’s membership significant?

According to the company’s press release, Surf Air Mobility is the first Part 135 passenger operator to join the consortium, bringing real-world operational data and industry perspective to the research initiative.

What benefits does Surf Air Mobility receive from joining?

The company gains access to exclusive FAA-funded task orders, visibility into federal research priorities, and the ability to participate in working groups that will shape future aviation technology solicitations.

Sources

Photo Credit: Surf Air Mobility

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Sustainable Aviation

SWISS Partners with Metafuels to Advance Synthetic Aviation Fuel Production

SWISS and Lufthansa Group partner with Metafuels to accelerate synthetic Sustainable Aviation Fuel production and meet EU 2030 mandates.

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This article is based on an official press release from Swiss International Air Lines (SWISS).

On May 13, 2026, Swiss International Air Lines (SWISS), in coordination with its parent company the Lufthansa Group, announced a strategic partnerships with Zurich-based climate tech company Metafuels. According to the official press release, the collaboration is designed to accelerate the industrial-scale production of synthetic Sustainable Aviation Fuel (e-SAF). By securing early access to Metafuels’ proprietary technology, SWISS aims to proactively position itself ahead of strict European synthetic fuel mandates set to take effect in 2030.

The agreement outlines that SWISS and the Lufthansa Group intend to commit to long-term procurement contracts with Metafuels. This move highlights a growing industry trend where Airlines are partnering directly with deep-tech Startups to ensure future supply chains. The partnership also underscores Switzerland’s emerging role as a climate innovation hub, leveraging local research institutions to solve global decarbonization challenges.

Current global production volumes of synthetic aviation fuels are vastly insufficient to meet upcoming political and environmental targets. By collaborating with Metafuels, SWISS is taking a direct role in bringing viable synthetic SAF solutions to the commercial market.

The Shift to Synthetic Aviation Fuels

Overcoming the Limitations of First-Generation SAF

To understand the significance of this partnership, we must look at the limitations of current sustainable aviation fuels. Today, the vast majority of commercially available SAF is produced via the HEFA process (Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids), which relies heavily on waste oils and animal fats. Because these biological feedstocks are strictly limited in global supply, the aviation industry is being forced to transition to synthetic fuels, or e-SAF, to achieve true scalability.

According to the provided research data, Metafuels has developed a proprietary catalytic technology known as aerobrew. This process efficiently converts green methanol into aviation-grade jet fuel. The green methanol itself is produced by using renewable electricity to split water into green Hydrogen, which is then combined with carbon dioxide captured directly from the atmosphere or from biogenic waste sources.

Crucially, the resulting synthetic SAF is a “drop-in” fuel. This means it can be blended with conventional jet fuel, currently up to a 50 percent regulatory limit, and utilized in existing airport infrastructure and Commercial-Aircraft engines without requiring any technical modifications.

Scaling Up Production and Infrastructure

From Demonstration to Commercial Scale

Metafuels, founded in 2021 by Saurabh Kapoor, Leigh Hackett, and Ulrich Koss, has been rapidly expanding its operational footprint. Industry reports indicate that in early 2026, the company raised between $22 million and $24 million to pioneer its technology at a commercial scale, followed by a €1.92 million grant from the Dutch government in April 2026.

Currently, Metafuels operates a demonstration plant at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland. This facility is capable of producing up to 50 liters of SAF per day to validate the aerobrew process. Simultaneously, the company is developing its first commercial-scale facility, dubbed “Project Turbe,” located in the Port of Rotterdam. According to project outlines, this facility aims to produce 10 tons of e-SAF per day by 2028, scaling up to 100 tons per day by 2031.

For the Lufthansa Group, which has committed to a carbon-neutral footprint by 2050, securing output from these future facilities is critical. The group has already seen success with its “Green Fares,” which allow passengers to offset flight emissions. In 2025, nearly 7 million Lufthansa Group passengers opted for these sustainable travel options, demonstrating strong consumer demand for decarbonized air travel.

“Future availability of sustainable fuels at sufficient scale will only be possible if investments in technologies and partnerships are made today. That is exactly what we are doing with Metafuels. We do not want to wait on the sidelines, but actively contribute to making synthetic fuels market-ready and scalable…”

— Jens Fehlinger, CEO of SWISS, via company press release

Regulatory Pressures Driving the Market

Meeting the ReFuelEU Mandates

The driving force behind this procurement strategy is the impending regulatory landscape in Europe. Under the European Union’s “Fit for 55” package, the ReFuelEU Aviation Mandate legally requires aviation fuel suppliers to blend a minimum percentage of SAF into the fuel provided at EU airports.

The mandate began at a 2 percent overall SAF requirement in 2025 and will rise to 6 percent in 2030, eventually reaching 70 percent by 2050. More importantly for this partnership, the legislation includes a specific sub-mandate for synthetic aviation fuels (e-kerosene). Starting in 2030, 1.2 percent of all aviation fuel must be synthetic, rising to 35 percent by 2050.

“This agreement with SWISS and the Lufthansa Group is both a milestone for us and a clear affirmation of the role that synthetic SAF will play in the future of aviation… With both rising demand projected and tighter regulatory provisions ahead, synthetic fuels will only gain in importance.”

— Saurabh Kapoor, CEO of Metafuels, via company press release

AirPro News analysis

As we analyze the broader aviation market, it is clear that the race for 2030 compliance has officially begun. SWISS’s partnership with Metafuels is a direct strategic maneuver to secure the supply needed to meet the 1.2 percent synthetic quota. Because the current global supply of e-SAF is virtually non-existent compared to projected future demand, airlines that fail to lock in early procurement contracts risk severe compliance penalties or exorbitant spot-market fuel prices by the end of the decade. By partnering with a local deep-tech startup, SWISS is not only hedging its regulatory risks but also investing in the localized energy security of the European aviation sector.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is e-SAF?

e-SAF, or synthetic Sustainable Aviation Fuel, is a type of aviation fuel made from renewable electricity, water, and carbon dioxide, rather than biological waste products like used cooking oil. It is considered infinitely scalable compared to first-generation SAF.

Why is SWISS partnering with Metafuels now?

SWISS is securing early access to Metafuels’ future production capacity to ensure it can meet the European Union’s strict mandate requiring 1.2 percent of all aviation fuel to be synthetic by the year 2030.

Can e-SAF be used in current airplanes?

Yes. The synthetic fuel produced by Metafuels’ aerobrew process is a “drop-in” fuel, meaning it can be blended with traditional jet fuel (up to a 50 percent limit) and used in existing aircraft engines without any modifications.


Sources: Swiss International Air Lines (SWISS) Press Release

Photo Credit: SWISS

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