Defense & Military
India Retires MiG-21 Jets Marking Shift to Indigenous Tejas Fighters
India retires MiG-21 jets after six decades, accelerating defense modernization with the indigenous Tejas program amid squadron shortages.
The retirement of India’s MiG-21 fighter jets on September 26, 2025, marks a defining moment in the nation’s military aviation history. For over six decades, the MiG-21 served as the backbone of the Indian Air-Forces (IAF), participating in every major conflict since its induction and shaping the careers of generations of pilots. The aircraft’s legacy is complex, blending operational triumphs with persistent Safety challenges, and its retirement underscores both the end of an era and the urgency of India’s defense modernization efforts.
This transition is not merely symbolic. The MiG-21’s departure comes as India faces a significant squadron strength shortfall, with only 29 active squadrons against a sanctioned strength of 42. The IAF is thus at a crossroads, compelled to accelerate indigenous programs like the Tejas fighter to maintain operational readiness and strategic deterrence. The MiG-21’s legacy, the challenges of its long service, and the implications of its retirement offer critical insights into India’s evolving defense strategy and the broader context of global Military-Aircraft.
India’s adoption of the MiG-21 in the early 1960s was a pivotal move influenced by regional security concerns following the 1962 Sino-Indian War. The choice of the Soviet MiG-21 over Western alternatives was driven by favorable terms, including local currency payments and, crucially, technology transfer for domestic production. This arrangement laid the groundwork for India’s aerospace industry, with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) established to manufacture, assemble, and maintain the aircraft and its systems.
Over the years, India became the largest MiG-21 operator outside the Soviet Union, with more than 650 aircraft produced under license. This extensive fleet required a robust industrial ecosystem, leading to the development of Manufacturing facilities for airframes, engines, and Avionics in Nasik, Koraput, and Hyderabad. The MiG-21 thus became not just a combat asset but a catalyst for technological and industrial advancement in India’s defense sector.
The MiG-21’s introduction marked India’s entry into the supersonic age. The aircraft’s various variants, FL, M, and bis, were progressively upgraded to address operational needs, providing improved avionics, weaponry, and all-weather capabilities. These platforms trained generations of Indian pilots and formed the mainstay of the IAF’s combat power for decades.
“The MiG-21 has the distinction of being an aircraft which has trained generations of Indian fighter pilots. It was a joy to fly. It made me the fighter pilot I am today.” — Group Captain Indranil Nandi, IAF
The MiG-21’s combat record is both storied and significant. Its first major test came during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, where it played a decisive role in securing air superiority and executing ground-attack missions. Indian MiG-21 pilots claimed several Pakistani aircraft, including F-104 Starfighters and F-86 Sabres, cementing the aircraft’s reputation as a formidable adversary.
The aircraft’s versatility was further demonstrated during the 1999 Kargil War, when MiG-21s undertook high-altitude ground-attack sorties in challenging Himalayan terrain. Despite technological limitations, the aircraft provided crucial support to Indian ground forces, though not without losses from enemy fire and operational hazards.
In more recent years, the MiG-21 continued to see action, notably in the 2019 aerial engagement over Jammu and Kashmir and during Operation Sindoor in 2025. These operations showcased the aircraft’s enduring utility, even as more advanced platforms entered service. Throughout its tenure, the MiG-21’s operational record, 240 lifetime victories by some estimates, underscored its significance in the IAF’s arsenal. Despite its achievements, the MiG-21’s legacy is shadowed by a troubling safety record. Official data indicates that between 1971 and 2012, over 480 MiG-21 crashes were recorded, resulting in the deaths of 171 pilots and dozens of others. The aircraft’s design, maintenance challenges, and lack of adequate trainer aircraft contributed to this high accident rate, earning it the moniker “flying coffin.”
Technical issues such as engine flame-outs from bird strikes, coupled with human error and maintenance lapses, were frequent culprits. The government’s procurement of cheaper components and delayed upgrades exacerbated these risks. However, improvements in training and maintenance led to a marked reduction in accidents after 2010, with only about 20 crashes in the last 15 years of service.
Many veteran pilots have defended the MiG-21, arguing that its reputation for danger was often overstated and that, when properly maintained, it remained a reliable and agile platform. These perspectives highlight the nuanced reality behind the aircraft’s controversial legacy.
“The ‘flying coffin’ tag is unfair. The MiG-21 Bis was truly classy, capable of supersonic speeds at low levels and could out-accelerate even modern aircraft like the Mirage 2000 or F-16.” — Air Marshal M Matheswaran (Retired)
The formal retirement ceremony for the MiG-21 at Chandigarh Air Force Station was a poignant event, attended by top defense officials and featuring a final formation flight and water cannon salute. The last two squadrons, No. 23 “Panthers” and No. 3 “Cobras”, comprised the final 36 jets to be decommissioned, symbolizing the end of an era for the IAF and the nation.
The ceremony was live-streamed, reflecting the public’s deep connection to the MiG-21 and its place in India’s collective memory. Plans are underway to preserve several aircraft in museums, ensuring that future generations can appreciate their historical significance.
The timing of the retirement was dictated by both operational necessity and the urgent need for modernization. Delays in procuring replacements meant the MiG-21 served well beyond its anticipated lifespan, highlighting the challenges of managing legacy systems in a rapidly evolving security environment.
The MiG-21’s retirement has intensified the IAF’s squadron strength crisis. With only 29 active squadrons against a sanctioned requirement of 42, India faces a significant capability gap, especially in light of potential two-front conflicts with Pakistan and China. Each squadron typically comprises 16-18 aircraft, making the shortfall a matter of national security concern.
The current fleet is a mix of French Rafales, Mirage 2000s, Russian Su-30s and MiG-29s, and the indigenous Tejas. However, many of these platforms are also nearing the end of their service lives, necessitating urgent procurement and production of new aircraft to avoid further erosion of combat power. Defense experts have stressed the need for robust air defense systems and the induction of indigenous platforms to bridge the gap. The recent acquisition of Russian S-400 missile systems and the development of the indigenous Akash air defense system are steps in this direction, but the scale of the challenge remains significant.
“If the drop in India’s fighter fleet is not arrested quickly, it will make it challenging to counter neighboring adversaries that have advanced jets for modern day warfare.” — N.C. Bipindra, defense analyst
The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas program stands at the heart of India’s response to its modernization needs. On September 25, 2025, the Ministry of Defence signed a $7.5 billion Contracts with HAL for 97 additional Tejas Mk1A fighters, supplementing earlier orders and bringing the total to over 180 aircraft. The Tejas Mk1A features substantial indigenous content, including advanced AESA radar, electronic warfare suites, and improved flight control systems.
Production capacity has been expanded with new lines in Bengaluru and Nashik, aiming for an annual output of up to 32 aircraft, subject to engine supply from the United States. The program is expected to generate nearly 12,000 jobs annually and support over 100 Indian suppliers, reinforcing the government’s Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) initiative.
Despite these advances, the Tejas program faces challenges, particularly regarding timely engine delivery from General Electric. Delays in engine supply have slowed production, but ongoing negotiations and new agreements aim to resolve these bottlenecks. The Tejas represents both a technological leap and a strategic shift toward reducing dependence on foreign suppliers.
India’s defense budget for 2025-2026 reached a record INR 6.81 trillion (USD 78.3 billion), reflecting a 9.5% increase from the previous year. Of this, 75% of the modernization budget is earmarked for domestic procurement, underscoring the government’s commitment to indigenous capability development.
However, only about 26% of the total budget is available for new acquisitions, with a significant portion allocated to pensions and personnel costs. This limits the resources available for rapid modernization, particularly in the context of rising inflation and increasing operational demands.
Analysts caution that despite recent increases, India’s defense budget as a percentage of GDP remains modest, raising concerns about the sustainability of modernization efforts given the scale of threats from both Pakistan and China.
“The overall budget remains low in terms of percentage of GDP — about 1.9%, in fact, which is unsustainably low, given the threats India faces from Pakistan and China.” — Professor Ian Hall, Griffith University
The MiG-21’s final operational deployment came during Operation Sindoor in May 2025, a four-day conflict with Pakistan characterized by precision strikes, drone warfare, and integrated air defense. MiG-21s flew combat air patrols, supporting modern platforms like the Rafale and demonstrating the IAF’s ability to integrate legacy and contemporary systems. Operation Sindoor marked a doctrinal shift, with India adopting a policy of assured and proportionate retaliation for terrorist attacks and demonstrating advanced technological capabilities. The successful defense against Pakistani retaliatory strikes highlighted the effectiveness of India’s integrated air defense architecture.
This evolution in strategic doctrine reflects India’s growing confidence in its military capabilities and its willingness to employ force while maintaining escalatory control.
The MiG-21’s retirement aligns with global trends toward indigenous defense production and technological self-reliance. While a handful of countries still operate MiG-21s or their Chinese derivatives, India’s transition to the Tejas program positions it as an emerging aerospace manufacturer with export potential.
The success of the Tejas and other indigenous programs could influence defense procurement strategies in other developing nations, contributing to a more diversified global defense market. India’s ability to balance technological advancement, cost effectiveness, and strategic autonomy will be critical in shaping its future role as a regional and global security actor.
The broader implications extend to alliance structures and regional stability in the Indo-Pacific, where India’s enhanced military capabilities and modernization efforts are likely to play a significant role in the evolving balance of power.
The end of the MiG-21 era is both a moment of reflection and a call to action for India’s defense establishment. The aircraft’s six-decade service encapsulates the challenges and triumphs of military modernization in a rapidly changing strategic environment. As India moves forward, the lessons learned from the MiG-21’s operational history, both its successes and its failures, will inform the development and deployment of future platforms.
The Tejas program, supported by increased defense spending and a focus on indigenous capability, represents a critical step toward addressing the IAF’s squadron strength crisis and achieving long-term strategic autonomy. The coming years will test India’s ability to deliver on these ambitions, but the foundations laid by the MiG-21 and its successors provide a strong platform for continued progress in national defense and aerospace innovation.
Why did India retire the MiG-21? What is replacing the MiG-21 in the Indian Air Force? How many MiG-21s did India operate? What were the main causes of MiG-21 accidents? What is the significance of the Tejas program? Sources: AP News
Introduction
Historical Context and Operational Legacy of the MiG-21
Procurement and Indigenous Manufacturing Foundations
Combat Performance and Strategic Impact
Safety Record and the “Flying Coffin” Controversy
The Retirement Ceremony and Transition to Indigenous Fighters
A Historic Farewell
Squadron Strength Crisis and Modernization Imperative
The Tejas Program: India’s Indigenous Answer
Defense Budget and Strategic Implications
Budgetary Trends and Constraints
Strategic Doctrine and Recent Operations
Global Context and Future Trajectory
Conclusion
FAQ
The MiG-21 was retired due to its age, safety concerns, and the need to modernize the IAF’s fleet with more advanced and indigenous aircraft like the Tejas.
The indigenous Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) is the primary replacement, supported by other platforms such as the Rafale and Su-30MKI.
India procured and built over 650 MiG-21s under license, making it the largest operator of the type outside the former Soviet Union.
Accidents were caused by a combination of technical limitations, bird strikes, maintenance issues, and a lack of adequate trainer aircraft.
The Tejas program is central to India’s defense modernization, aiming to increase self-reliance, create jobs, and reduce dependence on foreign suppliers.
Photo Credit: IANS
Defense & Military
France Confirms Next-Generation Nuclear Aircraft Carrier Program
France will build the PANG, a new nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to replace Charles de Gaulle by 2038, featuring EMALS and advanced fighters.
This article summarizes reporting by Reuters.
French President Emmanuel Macron has officially confirmed that France will proceed with the construction of a new nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, intended to replace the aging Charles de Gaulle by 2038. Speaking to French troops stationed in Abu Dhabi on Sunday, December 21, Macron outlined the decision as a critical step in maintaining France’s status as a global maritime power.
According to reporting by Reuters, the President emphasized the necessity of naval strength in an increasingly volatile world. The announcement, made from a strategic military base in the United Arab Emirates, underscores Paris’s commitment to projecting power beyond Europe, particularly into the Indo-Pacific region.
The new vessel, known as the Porte-Avions de Nouvelle Génération (PANG), represents a significant technological and industrial undertaking. It aims to ensure France remains the only European Union nation capable of deploying a nuclear carrier strike group, a capability central to Macron’s vision of European “strategic autonomy.”
The PANG program calls for a vessel that will significantly outclass its predecessor in size, power, and capability. While the Charles de Gaulle displaces approximately 42,500 tonnes, defense reports indicate the new carrier will be the largest warship ever built in Europe.
Based on technical data cited by naval analysts and French media, the new carrier is expected to displace between 75,000 and 80,000 tonnes and measure over 300 meters in length. It will be powered by two K22 nuclear reactors, providing nearly double the power output of the current fleet’s propulsion systems.
A key feature of the new design is the integration of the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), technology currently used by the U.S. Navy’s Gerald R. Ford-class carriers. This system replaces traditional steam catapults, allowing for the launch of heavier Military-Aircraft and Drones while reducing mechanical stress on the airframes.
The air wing is expected to include: “The decision to launch this vast programme was taken this week,” Macron told troops, highlighting the strategic urgency of the project.
The choice of Abu Dhabi for this major announcement was likely calculated. The UAE hosts a permanent French naval base, serving as a logistical hub for operations in the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. By unveiling the PANG program here, Paris is signaling its intent to protect its extensive Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Indo-Pacific and counter growing naval competition in the region.
The ambitious project comes at a time of significant domestic financial strain. Reports estimate the program’s cost will exceed €10 billion ($10.5 billion). With France facing a projected public deficit of over 6% of GDP in 2025 and a minority government navigating a hung parliament, the allocation of such vast funds has drawn criticism from opposition parties.
Critics argue the funds could be better utilized for social services or debt reduction. However, supporters and industry stakeholders note that the project will sustain thousands of jobs at major defense contractors like Naval Group and Chantiers de l’Atlantique, as well as hundreds of smaller suppliers.
The Paradox of Autonomy: While President Macron champions “strategic autonomy,” the ability for Europe to act independently of the United States, the PANG program reveals the practical limits of this doctrine. By adopting the U.S.-designed EMALS catapult system, the French Navy ensures interoperability with American supercarriers but also cements a long-term technological dependence on U.S. suppliers. This decision suggests that while France seeks political independence, it recognizes that high-end naval warfare requires deep technical integration with its NATO allies.
When will the new carrier enter service? Why is France choosing nuclear Propulsion? How much will the project cost? Will other European nations use this carrier? Sources: Reuters
France Confirms Launch of Next-Generation Nuclear Aircraft Carrier Program
A New Giant of the Seas
Technical Specifications and Capabilities
Strategic Context and Geopolitical Signals
Budgetary and Political Headwinds
AirPro News Analysis
Frequently Asked Questions
Construction is slated to begin around 2031, with sea trials expected in 2036. The vessel is scheduled to be fully commissioned by 2038, coinciding with the retirement of the Charles de Gaulle.
Nuclear propulsion offers unlimited range and the ability to sustain high speeds for long durations without refueling. It also allows the ship to generate the massive amounts of electricity required for next-generation sensors and electromagnetic catapults.
Current estimates place the cost at over €10 billion ($10.5 billion), though complex defense programs often see costs rise during development.
While the carrier is a French national asset, it is designed to support European security. However, it will primarily host French naval aviation, with potential for interoperability with U.S. and allied aircraft.
Photo Credit: U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Bela Chambers
Defense & Military
Firehawk Aerospace Expands Rocket Motor Production in Mississippi Facility
Firehawk Aerospace acquires a DCMA-rated facility in Mississippi to boost production of solid rocket motors using 3D-printing technology.
This article is based on an official press release from Firehawk Aerospace.
On December 19, 2025, Firehawk Aerospace announced a significant expansion of its manufacturing capabilities with the acquisition of a specialized defense facility in Crawford, Mississippi. The Dallas-based defense technology company has secured a 20-year lease on the 636-acre site, which was formerly operated by Nammo Talley.
This acquisition marks a strategic pivot for Firehawk as it moves to address critical shortages in the U.S. defense supply chain. By taking over a facility that is already rated by the Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA), the company aims to bypass the lengthy construction and certification timelines typically associated with greenfield defense projects. The site will serve as a hub for the full-system integration of solid rocket motors (SRMs), complementing the company’s existing R&D operations in Texas and energetics production in Oklahoma.
The Crawford facility is located in Lowndes County within Mississippi’s “Golden Triangle” region. According to the company’s announcement, the site is a “turnkey” defense asset designed specifically for handling high-grade explosives and munitions. The infrastructure includes assembly bays protected by one-foot-thick concrete walls and safety “blowout” walls designed to contain accidental detonations.
Because the facility was previously used by Nammo Defense Systems for the high-volume assembly of shoulder-launched munitions, such as the M72 LAW and SMAW systems, it retains the necessary regulatory certifications to allow for rapid operational ramp-up. Firehawk Aerospace CEO Will Edwards emphasized the urgency of this expansion in a statement regarding the deal.
“This acquisition strengthens Firehawk’s ability to address one of the nation’s most urgent defense challenges: rebuilding munition inventories that have been drawn down faster than they can be replaced.”
, Will Edwards, Co-founder and CEO of Firehawk Aerospace
The acquisition comes at a time when the Western defense industrial base is grappling with a severe shortage of solid rocket motors, which power critical systems like the Javelin, Stinger, and GMLRS missiles. Traditional manufacturing methods, which involve casting propellant in large batches that take weeks to cure, have created production bottlenecks.
Firehawk Aerospace intends to disrupt this model by utilizing proprietary 3D-printing technology to manufacture propellant grains. According to the press release, this additive manufacturing approach reduces production times from weeks to hours. The company has explicitly stated that the new Mississippi facility is being designed to achieve a production tempo of “thousands of rockets per month,” a significant increase over legacy industry standards. “While the current industrial base is built to produce thousands of rockets per year, we are building this site… to operate at a much higher production tempo… designing for throughput measured in thousands per month, not years.”
, Will Edwards, CEO
The expansion is expected to bring skilled jobs to the Golden Triangle region, which is increasingly becoming a hub for aerospace and defense activity. Mississippi Governor Tate Reeves welcomed the investments, noting the dual benefits of economic growth and national security support.
“Their acquisition in Crawford will bring skilled jobs to the region while directly contributing to the production capacity our nation needs.”
, Tate Reeves, Governor of Mississippi
From R&D to Mass Production: This acquisition signals Firehawk’s transition from a development-focused startup to a volume manufacturer. By securing a pre-rated facility, Firehawk has effectively shaved 2–3 years off its timeline, the period typically required to build and certify a new explosives handling site. This speed is critical given the current geopolitical demand for tactical munitions.
Supply Chain Decentralization: The move also highlights a strategy of decentralization. By distributing operations across Texas (R&D), Oklahoma (Energetics), and now Mississippi (Integration), Firehawk is building a supply chain that may prove more resilient than centralized legacy models. This geographic diversity also allows the company to tap into distinct labor markets and state-level incentives, such as Mississippi’s aerospace initiatives.
What is the significance of the DCMA rating? How does Firehawk’s technology differ from traditional methods? What was the facility used for previously?
Firehawk Aerospace Acquires Mississippi Facility to Scale Rocket Motor Production
Strategic Asset Details
Addressing the “Rocket Motor Crisis”
Regional Economic Impact
AirPro News Analysis
Frequently Asked Questions
A DCMA (Defense Contract Management Agency) rating verifies that a facility meets strict Department of Defense quality and safety standards. Acquiring a pre-rated facility allows Firehawk to begin production much faster than if they had to build and certify a new site from scratch.
Traditional solid rocket motors are cast in large batches, a process that requires weeks for the propellant to cure. Firehawk uses 3D-printing technology to print propellant grains, which allows for custom geometries and reduces the manufacturing time to mere hours.
The facility was formerly operated by Nammo Talley (now Nammo Defense Systems) for the assembly of shoulder-launched munitions, including the M72 LAW and SMAW systems.Sources
Photo Credit: Firehawk Aerospace
Defense & Military
20 Years of the F-22 Raptor Operational Capability and Upgrades
Lockheed Martin celebrates 20 years of the F-22 Raptor’s operational service, highlighting its stealth, combat roles, readiness challenges, and modernization.
Lockheed Martin has launched a campaign commemorating the 20th anniversary of the F-22 Raptor achieving Initial Operational Capability (IOC). In December 2005, the 27th Fighter Squadron at Langley Air Force Base in Virginia became the first unit to field the fifth-generation fighter, marking a significant shift in global air superiority.
According to the manufacturer’s announcement, the aircraft continues to define the benchmark for modern air combat. In a statement regarding the milestone, Lockheed Martin emphasized the platform’s enduring relevance:
“The F-22 Raptor sets the global standard for capability, readiness, and mission success.”
While the airframe was designed in the 1990s and first flew in 1997, the F-22 remains a central pillar of U.S. air power. The fleet, which consists of approximately 185 remaining aircraft out of the 195 originally built, has evolved from a pure air superiority fighter into a multi-role platform capable of ground strikes and strategic deterrence.
Since its operational debut, the F-22 has maintained a reputation for dominance, primarily established through high-end military aircraft exercises rather than direct air-to-air combat against manned aircraft.
Data from the U.S. Air Force and independent observers highlights the discrepancy between the Raptor’s exercise performance and its real-world combat engagements. During the 2006 Northern Edge exercise, its first major test after becoming operational, the F-22 reportedly achieved a 108-to-0 kill ratio against simulated adversaries flying F-15s, F-16s, and F/A-18s.
Despite this lethality in training, the aircraft’s combat record is distinct. The F-22 made its combat debut in September 2014 during Operation Inherent Resolve, conducting ground strikes against ISIS targets in Syria. To date, the aircraft has zero confirmed kills against manned enemy aircraft. Its sole air-to-air victory occurred in February 2023, when an F-22 utilized an AIM-9X Sidewinder missile to down a high-altitude Chinese surveillance balloon off the coast of South Carolina.
The primary driver of the F-22’s longevity is its low observable technology. Defense analysts estimate the Raptor’s Radar Cross Section (RCS) to be approximately 0.0001 square meters, roughly the size of a steel marble. This makes it significantly stealthier than the F-35 Lightning II and orders of magnitude harder to detect than foreign competitors like the Russian Su-57 or the Chinese J-20.
While Lockheed Martin’s anniversary campaign highlights “readiness” as a key pillar of the F-22’s legacy, recent Air Force data suggests a more complex reality regarding the fleet’s health. We note that maintaining the world’s premier stealth fighter comes at a steep logistical cost. According to data published by Air & Space Forces Magazine regarding Fiscal Year 2024, the F-22’s mission capable (MC) rate dropped to approximately 40%. This figure represents a decline from roughly 52% in the previous fiscal year and indicates that, at any given time, fewer than half of the Raptors in the inventory are flyable and combat-ready.
This low readiness rate is largely attributed to the fragility of the aircraft’s stealth coatings and the aging avionics of the older airframes. The Air Force has previously attempted to retire 32 older “Block 20” F-22s used for training to divert funds toward newer programs, though Congress has blocked these efforts to preserve fleet numbers. The contrast between the jet’s theoretical dominance and its logistical availability remains a critical challenge for planners.
Contrary to earlier projections that might have seen the F-22 retired in the 2030s, the Air Force is investing heavily to keep the platform viable until the Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) fighter comes online.
In 2021, the Air Force awarded Lockheed Martin a $10.9 billion contract for the Advanced Raptor Enhancement and Sustainment (ARES) program. This decade-long modernization effort aims to update the fleet’s hardware and software.
According to budget documents for Fiscal Year 2026, the “Viability” upgrade package includes several key enhancements:
These investments suggest that while the F-22 is celebrating its past 20 years, the Air Force intends to rely on its capabilities well into the next decade.
Sources: Lockheed Martin, U.S. Air Force
Two Decades of the Raptor: Celebrating the F-22’s Operational Milestone
Operational History and Combat Record
Exercise Performance vs. Combat Reality
Stealth Capabilities
AirPro News Analysis: The Readiness Paradox
Modernization and Future Outlook
The ARES Contract and Upgrades
Sources
Photo Credit: Lockheed Martin
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