Technology & Innovation
Swansea University Advances Aerospace Cybersecurity with MBSE Integration
Collaborative project applies Model-Based Systems Engineering to embed cybersecurity in aircraft design, enhancing resilience against evolving cyber threats.
Enhancing Aerospace Cybersecurity through Model-Based Systems Engineering
Swansea University, in collaboration with Novel Engineering Consultants Ltd and Airbus Endeavr Wales, has initiated a pioneering research project aimed at strengthening aerospace systems against cyber threats. This effort marks the first of its kind to explore the application of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) at the early design stage to proactively embed cybersecurity into aerospace infrastructure.
Led by Professor Siraj Shaikh, Head of the Systems Security Group at Swansea University, and Dr. Hoang Nga Nguyen, the project brings together academic research and industry expertise to create resilient, forward-thinking cybersecurity frameworks. The initiative addresses increasing concerns over cyberattacks in the aerospace sector and aims to develop tools and practices that can be integrated into system architectures from inception.
With the support of Airbus Endeavr Wales, a joint initiative between the Welsh Government and Airbus Defence and Space, the project also contributes to job creation, skills development, and economic growth in Wales. It underscores the importance of academic–industry collaboration in driving innovation and securing critical infrastructure.
Understanding the Aerospace Cybersecurity Landscape
Evolution of Aerospace Cyber Threats
The aerospace industry has witnessed a significant evolution in its cybersecurity needs over the past two decades. Historically, aviation systems operated in isolated environments with limited digital interfaces. However, the integration of satellite communications, in-flight entertainment, cloud-based navigation, and interconnected operational technologies has drastically expanded the attack surface.
Incidents such as the 2018 Cathay Pacific data breach, which impacted 9.4 million passengers, and attacks on European aerospace manufacturers have highlighted vulnerabilities in both passenger and operational domains. According to industry reports, cyberattacks on aerospace systems have increased by over 60% between 2019 and 2021, with ransomware and data breaches becoming increasingly common.
Regulatory bodies like the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) have responded by proposing amendments to aircraft certification processes, requiring cybersecurity considerations in systems that interface with flight control mechanisms. These developments underscore the urgency for integrated, systemic approaches to cybersecurity in aerospace.
What is Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)?
MBSE is a methodology that replaces traditional document-based engineering with model-centric approaches. It provides a structured framework for managing system requirements, design, analysis, and validation through interconnected models. These models serve as the authoritative source of information throughout the system lifecycle.
By enabling real-time impact analysis and automated verification, MBSE enhances the ability to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities early in the design process. This is particularly valuable in complex systems like aircraft, where interdependencies between software, hardware, and human factors can introduce unforeseen risks.
In the context of cybersecurity, MBSE allows for the visualization of threat pathways, simulation of attack scenarios, and integration of security features as core design elements rather than afterthoughts. This proactive approach is essential in an environment where threats are constantly evolving.
“MBSE transforms cybersecurity from bolt-on remediation to foundational design principle. By modeling threat scenarios pre-deployment, we shift from reactive patching to predictive hardening.” , Professor Siraj Shaikh
The Collaborative Research Initiative
Roles and Contributions
Swansea University leads the research component of the project through its Systems Security Group. With a strong track record in cyber-physical systems, the university brings academic rigor and technical expertise to the initiative. Professor Shaikh and Dr. Nguyen are at the forefront of developing methodologies that integrate cybersecurity into system architecture from the outset.
Novel Engineering Consultants Ltd contributes its deep experience in MBSE. The company specializes in creating models that map complex interdependencies within aerospace systems. Their tools and frameworks are essential for visualizing and validating security measures across different system layers.
Airbus Endeavr Wales provides the industrial context and funding support necessary for real-world application. As a partnership between the Welsh Government and Airbus Defence and Space, Endeavr facilitates technology transfer from academia to industry, ensuring that innovations are aligned with operational needs.
Project Focus Areas
The project is organized around several key objectives. The first is early threat detection, which involves developing techniques to anticipate cyber threats before they affect operations. This includes the use of digital twins and simulation environments to model potential attack vectors.
Another focus is security validation, where the team is creating new methods to test and verify cybersecurity measures within system architectures. These methods aim to ensure that systems can withstand attacks without compromising safety or functionality.
Finally, the project seeks to establish best practice frameworks for integrating cybersecurity at the design stage. These frameworks will align with current aerospace security standards and help guide future developments in the industry.
Economic and Strategic Implications
The initiative is not only a technical endeavor but also a strategic investment in the regional economy. By fostering advanced skills and creating job opportunities, the project supports the Welsh Government’s broader goals for economic development and innovation.
Rebecca Evans MS, Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Planning, emphasized the importance of the Endeavr program in translating research into tangible economic benefits. The collaboration is expected to attract further investment and position Wales as a hub for aerospace cybersecurity.
The project also contributes to the UK’s national security objectives by enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructure. As cyber threats become more sophisticated, initiatives like this are essential for maintaining operational integrity and public trust in aviation systems.
“By combining Novel’s deep expertise in model-based engineering with Swansea University’s world-class research in systems security, we’re creating new tools and practices that can integrate cybersecurity at the heart of aerospace.” , Ian Thomas, Novel Engineering
Broader Industry Context
Cybersecurity Trends in Aerospace
The aerospace industry is facing a growing array of cyber threats. These include ransomware attacks, supply chain vulnerabilities, and insider threats. As aircraft become more connected, the risk of cyber incidents affecting safety-critical systems increases.
Industry reports predict that the aerospace cybersecurity market will grow significantly over the next decade, driven by increased investment in defense technologies and regulatory compliance. The global market was valued at approximately $26.3 billion in 2022 and is projected to reach $58.8 billion by 2032.
Efforts to secure aerospace systems are increasingly focusing on proactive measures, such as threat modeling and zero-trust architectures. The use of MBSE is gaining traction as a means to implement these strategies effectively and at scale.
Regulatory Developments
Regulatory bodies are updating their frameworks to address new cybersecurity challenges. EASA, for example, has proposed amendments to its certification processes to include cybersecurity risk assessments. These changes reflect a shift towards more comprehensive and integrated security requirements.
The DO-326A standard has become a key reference for aviation cybersecurity. It outlines the processes manufacturers must follow to demonstrate that their systems are secure. The Swansea-led project aligns with these standards, ensuring that its outputs are relevant and applicable to current regulatory environments.
By anticipating regulatory trends, the project positions itself as a leader in shaping the future of aerospace cybersecurity. Its frameworks could serve as models for other sectors facing similar challenges, such as maritime and automotive systems.
Conclusion
The collaboration between Swansea University, Novel Engineering, and Airbus Endeavr Wales represents a significant step forward in aerospace cybersecurity. By applying MBSE at the design stage, the project aims to create systems that are inherently secure, resilient, and compliant with emerging standards.
Beyond technical innovation, the initiative supports economic development and workforce training in Wales. It exemplifies how academic–industry partnerships can drive meaningful change and ensure that the aerospace sector remains safe, secure, and competitive in the face of evolving cyber threats.
FAQ
Question: What is MBSE and how does it relate to cybersecurity?
Answer: Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is a methodology that uses models to manage system design and analysis. In cybersecurity, MBSE helps identify vulnerabilities early and integrate security measures throughout the system lifecycle.
Question: Who are the main partners in this project?
Answer: The project is a collaboration between Swansea University, Novel Engineering Consultants Ltd, and Airbus Endeavr Wales.
Question: What are the goals of the research?
Answer: The project aims to develop frameworks for early threat detection, security validation, and regulatory compliance in aerospace systems using MBSE.
Sources
Photo Credit: Airbus
Technology & Innovation
Airbus A380 Flight Lab Unveiled for CFM RISE Open Fan Testing
Airbus and CFM International unveil A380 flight lab livery at Farnborough 2026 for CFM RISE Open Fan engine tests.
Airbus SE and CFM International unveiled the livery for the Airbus A380 flight lab dedicated to testing the CFM RISE (Revolutionary Innovation for Sustainable Engines) Open Fan engine architecture at the Farnborough International Airshow on July 21, 2026.
The presentation coincides with the completion of the first conceptual flight test design review. The joint program between Airbus and CFM International, a 50/50 joint company between GE Aerospace and Safran Aircraft Engines, aims to reduce fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions by 20 percent compared to current commercial engines.
Transitioning to flight test preparation
The designated testbed aircraft, an Airbus A380 identified as Manufacturer Serial Number (MSN) 114, departed a six-year desert storage in France on July 16, 2026. The aircraft relocated to Shannon, Ireland, to undergo painting and structural modifications. Engineers will eventually mount the open fan engine in the number 2 position on the inboard left wing for the Test-Flights campaign.
CFM International recently completed the preliminary design review for the compact core system, open fan, and outlet guide vanes. Arjan Hegeman, Vice President of Future of Flight Engineering at GE Aerospace, stated that this milestone allows the Manufacturing of parts for the grounded demonstrator to begin.
Prioritizing engine durability
While the open fan design removes the traditional engine casing to accommodate a larger fan and reduce drag, program leaders are placing equal emphasis on component longevity. GE Aerospace has completed over 350 tests and 3,000 endurance cycles on core components, which includes early dust ingestion testing.
“If there’s anything we’ve learned over the last years, it’s that durability matters as much as, if not more than, fuel efficiency,” Hegeman said.
Hegeman noted that the engineering teams are aiming to reach technology readiness level six by the turn of the decade.
AirPro News analysis
The explicit focus on durability during the early testing phases of the CFM RISE program reflects a broader industry shift. Current-generation narrowbody engines have faced well-documented time-on-wing and maintenance challenges, prompting Manufacturers to prioritize robust operating characteristics alongside fuel efficiency gains. By subjecting core components to 3,000 endurance cycles and dust ingestion tests years before the first flight, CFM International is working to ensure the open fan architecture can withstand harsh operational environments from entry into service. We expect this dual mandate of efficiency and reliability to define the Certification pathway for next-generation Propulsion systems.
Sources: GE Aerospace Press Release
Photo Credit: GE Aerospace
Technology & Innovation
Joby Aviation and Toyota Form eVTOL Manufacturing Joint Venture
Joby Aviation and Toyota establish a joint venture to manufacture the S4 eVTOL, with Toyota holding a 51% stake.
Joby Aviation, Inc. (JOBY) and Toyota Motor Corporation (TM) have formalized their nearly decade-long partnership by establishing a joint venture to manufacture electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. The new entity, named the Joby Toyota Aero Manufacturing Preparation Company, will focus on scaling commercial production of the Joby S4 Series eVTOL aircraft.
Announced in a press release on June 30, 2026, following a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 8-K filing on June 29, 2026, the alliance combines Joby’s electric aviation technology with Toyota’s established production systems expertise. The joint venture will operate across locations in Santa Cruz, California, and Toyota City, Japan.
Joint venture structure and financial stakes
Toyota holds a 51 percent majority stake in the new manufacturing company, acquired through the purchase of 1.02 million shares for $1.02 million. Joby retains the remaining 49 percent stake, having purchased 980,000 shares for $980,000. The joint venture will be governed by a five-member board of directors, with three members designated by Toyota and two designated by Joby.
The agreement includes specific intellectual property licensing arrangements between the two parent companies. Joby will license certain aircraft-related intellectual property to the joint venture on a royalty-free basis. In return, Toyota will license manufacturing-related intellectual property to the venture, which includes certain royalty-bearing rights.
Scaling eVTOL production
The formal joint venture builds upon a foundation of significant financial and technical support from the Japanese automaker. Toyota has provided approximately $900 million in total capital to Joby to date. The automaker is already providing technical assistance as Joby establishes a series production line for the S4 eVTOL aircraft at a facility in Ohio.
In the June 30 press release, Joby Aviation founder and CEO JoeBen Bevirt highlighted the depth of the corporate relationship.
“Toyota has been by Joby’s side for nearly a decade, providing invaluable guidance and support as we built the foundation for Manufacturing our aircraft. Today’s announcement reflects the strength of our relationship and our shared confidence in the opportunity ahead.”
Toyota Motor Corporation Chairman Akio Toyoda stated that the company views air mobility as a natural extension of its philosophy of providing mobility for all, expanding its focus from the ground into the sky to bring new value to society.
Certification progress and next steps
The manufacturing alliance aligns with Joby’s ongoing Certification efforts with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). During the first quarter of 2026, Joby began flying its first FAA-conforming aircraft for type inspection authorization. This testing phase is a required step as the company works toward achieving full FAA type certification for the S4 Series.
With the joint venture now legally established, the two companies will begin integrating their engineering and manufacturing teams across the California and Japan facilities to prepare for high-volume aircraft production.
AirPro News analysis
We view the formalization of the Joby Toyota Aero Manufacturing Preparation Company as a critical de-risking event for Joby’s production ambitions. While designing and certifying an eVTOL aircraft presents significant regulatory hurdles, manufacturing these vehicles at scale with automotive-style efficiency is an entirely different challenge that has historically troubled aerospace Startups. By securing a majority-stake commitment from Toyota, Joby gains direct access to one of the world’s most proven manufacturing systems. Furthermore, the intellectual property arrangement, where Toyota retains royalty-bearing rights on its manufacturing processes, suggests the automaker sees long-term revenue potential in aerospace production beyond its initial capital Investments.
Photo Credit: Joby Aviation
Sustainable Aviation
KBR Selected for Asia’s First Ethanol-to-Jet SAF Plant in Singapore
KBR will provide PureSAF technology licensing and FEED services for a 100,000-ton/year SAF facility on Jurong Island, Singapore.
On June 29, 2026, KBR announced its selection by Keppel Ltd. and Aster Chemicals and Energy to provide technology licensing and Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) services for a proposed 100,000-ton-per-year SAF (SAF) facility on Jurong Island, Singapore.
The planned facility is envisioned as Asia’s first commercial-scale ethanol-to-jet (EtJ) SAF plant. According to the KBR press release, the project will utilize the company’s PureSAF technology to produce a 100% drop-in jet fuel, supporting Singapore’s national mandate to increase sustainability usage across the aviation sector.
PureSAF technology and project scope
The Jurong Island facility will leverage PureSAF, a technology originally developed by Swedish Biofuels AB and engineered for commercial-scale production by KBR, which holds the exclusive global license. The process is designed to convert ethanol into aviation fuel that requires no blending with conventional Jet A or Jet A-1 before use.
In a statement accompanying the announcement, KBR President and CEO Stuart Bradie highlighted the system’s flexibility.
“KBR’s PureSAF is a feedstock-flexible, bankable technology that is designed to deliver a 100% drop in jet fuel, ready to power aircraft without blending. We are constantly innovating our SAF solution to make it compatible with feedstock availability in different regions and to enable the aviation industry to transition to low-carbon jet fuel with a cost-optimized approach.”
The FEED study will determine the technical configuration and project capital expenditure required for the facility. The development remains subject to regulatory approvals and a final investment decision (FID) by the project partners.
Aligning with Singapore’s aviation mandates
The selection of KBR follows a January 28, 2026, agreement between Keppel’s Infrastructure Division and Aster to jointly assess the development of the Jurong Island site. Aster operates as a joint venture between Indonesian petrochemical company Chandra Asri and Swiss commodities trader Glencore.
The proposed 100,000-ton annual production capacity aligns directly with targets set by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). Starting in 2026, the CAAS mandates a 1% SAF uplift for all departing flights from the country, with a stated goal of increasing that requirement to between 3% and 5% by 2030.
Alongside the SAF plant contract, KBR and Keppel signed a Memorandum of Intent to collaborate on broader energy transition initiatives. The companies plan to explore technologies related to waste-to-energy, plastic recycling, biofuels, and artificial intelligence-driven digitalization.
AirPro News analysis
We view the progression of the Jurong Island project to the FEED stage as a critical indicator of the Asia-Pacific region’s readiness to scale SAF production. While North America and Europe have led early SAF capacity investments, Singapore’s firm regulatory mandate provides the demand certainty required to underwrite commercial-scale facilities in Southeast Asia. The choice of an ethanol-to-jet pathway is particularly notable, as it allows operators to bypass the constrained supply of fats, oils, and greases that limit hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) production volumes. The project’s ultimate realization hinges on the upcoming final investment decision, which will test the commercial viability of the EtJ process in the current economic environment.
Sources: KBR
Photo Credit: KBR
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