Commercial Aviation
Airbus Limits A320neo Takeoffs in Severe Icing Conditions from 2025
Airbus restricts A320neo family takeoffs in freezing fog under 150m visibility to prevent PW1100G engine stalls, updating ground procedures.
As we navigate the winter season of late 2025, the aviation industry faces a significant operational update regarding one of the world’s most popular narrowbody aircraft families. Airbus SE has issued a directive restricting takeoff operations for specific A320neo family aircraft under severe icing conditions. This move, aimed at prioritizing safety, specifically impacts aircraft equipped with Pratt & Whitney PW1100G (GTF) engines. The decision comes in response to reports of engine performance issues when operating in freezing fog with extremely low visibility.
We observe that these restrictions are not a blanket grounding but rather a targeted safety measure designed to mitigate risks associated with ice accumulation. The directive prohibits takeoff when freezing fog is present and visibility drops below 150 meters (490 feet). While this ensures the integrity of the engines during critical phases of flight, it introduces new logistical challenges for Airlines operating in regions prone to harsh winter weather. The industry is now adjusting to these tighter margins to maintain safety standards without severely disrupting schedules.
The context of this decision is rooted in the technical behavior of the engines during ground operations. When supercooled water droplets freeze on engine components, there is a risk of ice shedding into the engine core during high-thrust maneuvers. By implementing these restrictions, Airbus and Pratt & Whitney are taking a proactive stance to prevent engine stalls or damage, ensuring that flight crews have clear guidelines on when it is safe to proceed and when operations must be paused.
The core of the new directive, detailed in the Notice to Pilots (NTP 2025-002) and updates to the Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM), establishes strict “no-go” criteria. Operators flying the Airbus A320neo, A321neo, and A321LR with PW1100G-JM engines must halt takeoff attempts if the weather reports indicate freezing fog combined with visibility of less than 150 meters. This specific combination of atmospheric conditions has been identified as the threshold where the risk of ice ingestion outweighs the operational capability of the current engine configuration to shed it safely during takeoff.
Beyond the takeoff prohibition, we see a rigorous update to ground engine run-up procedures. Previously, pilots were required to accelerate engines to a minimum of 60% N1 (fan speed) to shed ice. The updated protocol now mandates a specific 30-second hold at 60% N1. This duration is critical; it ensures that centrifugal forces have sufficient time to dislodge accumulated ice from the fan blades and inlet before the aircraft attempts high-power acceleration. This change reflects a more data-driven approach to ice management, moving from a general target to a precise, time-bound procedure.
Furthermore, the frequency of these ice-shedding run-ups has been intensified. When the Outside Air Temperature (OAT) drops to -9°C (15.8°F) or lower, flight crews must now perform these acceleration intervals every 30 minutes, a drastic reduction from the previous 120-minute window. Additionally, the “taxi-in credit”, which previously allowed pilots to count the time spent taxiing from a previous landing toward their anti-icing timeline, has been revoked. The clock now resets immediately, forcing crews to be more vigilant and proactive with engine management while on the ground.
“The restriction applies specifically when freezing fog is present and visibility is less than 150 meters. This measure addresses Safety concerns related to potential engine stalls caused by ice accumulation and shedding during ground operations.”
To understand the necessity of these restrictions, we must look at the mechanics of the issue. In freezing fog, moisture exists in a supercooled state, meaning it remains liquid below the freezing point until it makes contact with a surface. When these droplets hit the engine’s inlet and fan blades, they freeze instantly. If a significant amount of ice accumulates and then breaks off in a single large chunk, particularly as the engine spools up to takeoff thrust, it can be ingested into the engine core. This ingestion disrupts the airflow, potentially leading to a compressor stall (surge) or physical degradation of internal components.
The Pratt & Whitney PW1100G “Geared Turbofan” engine is a sophisticated piece of machinery designed for high efficiency. However, like all high-bypass engines, it is sensitive to inlet airflow disruptions. The revised procedures are designed to ensure that ice is shed in smaller, manageable amounts during the 30-second hold at 60% N1, rather than allowing it to build up to a dangerous mass that could cause damage during the takeoff roll. This is a preventative measure to avoid the scenario where an engine might lose power or sustain damage at the most critical point of the flight profile. It is also important to place this in the broader context of Pratt & Whitney’s recent operational history. While this icing issue is distinct, it adds to the challenges for operators of the GTF engine, which has already seen fleet groundings due to unrelated manufacturing inspections regarding powdered metal components. The accumulation of these maintenance and operational requirements places a premium on the technical adaptability of airlines using this hardware.
The immediate impact of these restrictions is being felt by carriers operating in northern latitudes and regions with severe winter climates. Airlines such as Air Astana, based in Kazakhstan, have already reported flight delays and schedule adjustments. For hubs like Almaty, where freezing fog and low visibility are common winter occurrences, these restrictions translate to tangible operational disruptions. We see airlines having to delay flights until visibility improves beyond the 150-meter threshold, creating a ripple effect on schedules and passenger connections.
From a Manufacturing perspective, both Airbus and Pratt & Whitney have acknowledged the situation. Airbus has confirmed that these restrictions are necessary safety precautions and is maintaining close contact with airline customers to navigate the disruptions. Pratt & Whitney is reportedly working on a technical solution to resolve the limitation permanently. Until a hardware fix or further software update is certified, these procedural mitigations remain the primary defense against icing-related engine events.
Looking ahead, the industry will be watching closely for the development of a permanent fix. While the current procedures ensure safety, the operational burden of 30-minute run-up intervals and takeoff bans in fog is significant. We anticipate that engineering teams will prioritize a solution that restores the full operational envelope of the A320neo family, allowing it to operate more freely in the harsh winter environments it was designed to serve.
Question: Which Commercial-Aircraft are affected by these new restrictions? Question: What are the specific weather conditions that prohibit takeoff? Question: How have ground procedures changed for pilots?
New Operational Restrictions for Airbus A320neo Family in Severe Icing Conditions
Detailed Operational Limitations and Procedures
Technical Background and Safety Rationale
Industry Impact and Future Outlook
FAQ
Answer: The restrictions apply to Airbus A320neo, A321neo, and A321LR aircraft that are equipped with Pratt & Whitney PW1100G-JM (GTF) engines.
Answer: Takeoff is not permitted if there is freezing fog present AND visibility is below 150 meters (490 feet).
Answer: Pilots must now perform a 30-second engine run-up at 60% N1 to shed ice. Additionally, if the temperature is -9°C or lower, this must be done every 30 minutes (previously every 120 minutes), and taxi-in time no longer counts toward this interval.
Photo Credit: Nick Murray – CBC
Commercial Aviation
easyJet Completes Software Updates After Airbus A320 Safety Recall
easyJet quickly updates its Airbus A320 fleet software following EU recall over flight control vulnerability from solar radiation exposure.
In a swift response to a significant aviation safety directive, easyJet has announced the successful completion of mandatory software updates on a large portion of its Airbus A320 fleet. This action follows a global recall issued by Airbus on Friday, November 28, 2025, which affected approximately 6,000 aircraft worldwide. The recall was precipitated by a technical directive from the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), flagging a potential vulnerability in the flight control systems of the A320 family of aircraft.
The airline has moved quickly to reassure passengers and investors alike, stating that it expects to operate its flying program as normal for Saturday, November 29, 2025. While the issuance of an Emergency Airworthiness Directive (EAD) often leads to widespread groundings and cancellations, easyJet’s engineering teams appear to have mitigated the immediate operational risks. By prioritizing the software reversion required by the directive, the carrier aims to minimize the disruption that is currently affecting other parts of the global aviation industry.
This development highlights the critical nature of modern avionics and the agility required by major carriers to maintain schedules in the face of technical challenges. With the recall stemming from a highly specific interaction between solar radiation and flight control computers, the situation underscores the complexity of maintaining airworthiness in an increasingly digital aerospace environment. We see this as a testament to the robust safety protocols governing commercial aviation, where potential risks are identified and rectified with immediacy.
Following the release of the directive, easyJet confirmed that it had “already completed the software update on many A320 aircraft.” This proactive approach is crucial for the airline, which relies heavily on the A320 family for its short-haul European network. The airline’s spokesperson acknowledged the potential for some disruption but emphasized that the bulk of the necessary work was executed immediately following the recall notice. This rapid turnaround suggests a well-coordinated effort between the airline’s maintenance operations and Airbus technical support.
For passengers traveling this weekend, the airline has advised maintaining a standard level of vigilance regarding flight status. Although operations are projected to run normally, easyJet has urged travelers to monitor their flights via the airline’s official flight tracker. This is a standard precautionary measure during fleet-wide maintenance events, ensuring that any residual delays or specific aircraft swaps are communicated effectively to the customer base. The ability to maintain a normal schedule stands in contrast to other carriers globally, some of which have faced significant cancellations.
The logistical challenge of updating a fleet of this size cannot be overstated. The fix generally involves reverting the software of the Elevator Aileron Computer (ELAC) to a previous, stable version. This process is estimated to take approximately two to three hours per aircraft. By executing these updates overnight and during operational gaps, easyJet has managed to keep its aircraft airworthy without necessitating a total grounding of the fleet, a move that protects both passenger plans and the airline’s operational integrity.
“We are expecting this to result in some disruption… [but we have] already completed the software update on many A320 aircraft.”, easyJet Spokesperson
The root cause of this global recall is as fascinating as it is concerning, involving the interaction between cosmic phenomena and digital hardware. The issue was isolated to the Elevator Aileron Computer (ELAC), specifically the ELAC B unit running software version L104. Airbus engineers determined that this specific hardware and software combination is susceptible to Single Event Upsets (SEUs) caused by intense solar radiation, commonly associated with solar flares.
In technical terms, high-energy particles from cosmic rays can strike the memory chips within the flight computer. This impact can cause a “bit flip,” changing a zero to a one in the binary code. While modern avionics are designed with redundancy to handle such errors, this specific vulnerability could lead the computer to misinterpret data. The consequence of such corruption could be an erroneous command sent to the elevators, forcing the aircraft’s nose down in an uncommanded dive. This discovery necessitated the immediate intervention of regulators to ensure flight safety. The investigation that led to this recall was triggered by a serious incident on October 30, 2025. A JetBlue A320 flight traveling from Cancun to Newark experienced a sudden, uncommanded loss of altitude. While the crew recovered the aircraft, the event resulted in passenger injuries and launched a high-priority investigation. The correlation between that event and the susceptibility of the L104 software to solar radiation provided the data necessary for EASA to issue the Emergency Airworthiness Directive, mandating the fix before affected aircraft could fly again.
While easyJet has managed to navigate this crisis with minimal fallout, the broader aviation industry is feeling the weight of the recall. The directive affects roughly half of the global fleet of A320 family aircraft, including the A319, A320, and A321 models. This amounts to approximately 6,000 aircraft worldwide. The timing of the recall, landing during the busy Thanksgiving travel weekend in the United States, has exacerbated the situation for North American carriers, although European airlines face less pressure from this specific holiday window.
Comparatively, other airlines have faced steeper operational hurdles. Reports indicate that Jetstar in Australia was forced to cancel over 90 domestic flights to ground planes for the necessary updates. Similarly, Avianca in Colombia reported that 70% of its fleet was affected, leading to a suspension of ticket sales until early December. American Airlines identified approximately 209 affected aircraft and launched an overnight effort to apply the fixes. These disparities in operational impact highlight the varying degrees of fleet exposure and maintenance capacity across different operators.
Looking ahead, the industry will likely see a rigorous review of semiconductor sensitivity to cosmic radiation in avionics. While the immediate fix involves a software reversion, a smaller subset of older aircraft, approximately 1,000 globally, may require physical hardware replacements, a process that is significantly more time-consuming than the software patch. For easyJet, however, the focus remains on maintaining the current momentum of updates to ensure that the “business as usual” status for November 29 extends into the coming weeks.
easyJet’s handling of the Airbus A320 software recall demonstrates the airline’s capacity for rapid crisis management and operational resilience. By swiftly implementing the mandated software updates, the carrier has successfully avoided the large-scale groundings that have plagued other airlines affected by the same directive. The event serves as a reminder of the complex interplay between environmental factors, such as solar radiation, and the sophisticated digital systems that govern modern flight.
As the aviation industry continues to implement these fixes, the focus will shift toward long-term hardware resilience against cosmic interference. For now, passengers traveling with easyJet can proceed with relative confidence, backed by the knowledge that the fleet has undergone the necessary safety revisions to comply with the strictest regulatory standards.
Question: Is my easyJet flight cancelled due to the recall? Question: What caused the Airbus A320 recall? Question: How is the issue being fixed? Sources: Reuters
easyJet Secures Fleet Operations Following Global Airbus A320 Software Recall
Operational Resilience: easyJet’s Rapid Response
The Technical Core: Solar Radiation and Flight Controls
Global Context and Industry Impact
Concluding Section
FAQ
Answer: easyJet plans to operate its flying program as normal for Saturday, November 29, 2025. However, passengers are advised to check the status of their flights via the airline’s flight tracker as a precaution.
Answer: The recall was caused by a vulnerability in the Elevator Aileron Computer (ELAC) software, which could be corrupted by intense solar radiation (cosmic rays), potentially leading to uncommanded nose-down pitch events.
Answer: For most aircraft, including the majority of easyJet’s fleet, the fix involves reverting the flight computer’s software to a previous, stable version. This process takes approximately 2-3 hours per aircraft.
Photo Credit: easyJet
Airlines Strategy
Berlin Court Bans eDreams Prime Terms Over Transparency Issues
Berlin court blocks misleading terms in eDreams Prime subscription, strengthening German consumer transparency laws and Ryanair’s push against OTA practices.
We are witnessing a significant development in the ongoing legal dispute between Ryanair and the online travel agent eDreams ODIGEO. On November 26, 2025, the Berlin Regional Court granted a permanent injunction against eDreams. This ruling specifically targets certain terms and conditions associated with the company’s Prime subscription service, which the court found to be in violation of German consumer protection laws. This decision marks the latest chapter in a multi-jurisdictional conflict regarding how third-party platforms sell air travel.
The core of this legal action revolves around transparency. The court prohibited eDreams from utilizing specific clauses that were deemed misleading regarding the savings consumers could achieve through the Prime subscription. Furthermore, the ruling addressed the mechanisms of the subscription itself, specifically how fee increases were communicated to users. The court found that eDreams failed to provide adequate disclosure regarding when membership fees might rise, ruling that terms implying a customer’s continued use of the service constituted tacit acceptance of these price hikes were unlawful.
This judgment is particularly notable because it reinforces the strict transparency requirements mandated by the German Unfair Competition Act. For the aviation and travel technology sectors, this serves as a critical case study on the boundaries of digital subscription models and the presentation of price comparisons. While Ryanair views this as a confirmation of their long-standing complaints against Online Travel Agents (OTAs), the implications extend to how digital services across the European Union structure their auto-renewal and pricing policies.
Following the ruling, the response from both stakeholders highlights the intense competitive friction between direct airline bookings and OTA aggregators. Ryanair immediately welcomed the decision, utilizing the verdict to bolster their campaign against what they term OTA Pirates. The Airlines’s position is that these intermediaries often overcharge consumers or obscure the true cost of travel services. By securing this injunction, Ryanair aims to pressure EU Consumer Protection Authorities to enforce similar standards across the continent, arguing that such transparency is essential for consumer welfare.
“We welcome the Berlin Regional Court’s decision to grant a permanent injunction prohibiting eDreams from using eDreams Prime terms and conditions that the Court has previously found to be ‘unlawful’ or ‘misleading’.”, Ryanair Spokesperson.
Conversely, eDreams ODIGEO has publicly dismissed the ruling as substantially irrelevant to their current operations. In their response issued on November 27, 2025, the company argued that the injunction pertains to a legacy version of their website and specific display formats that have long been discontinued. According to eDreams, the court’s decision does not impact the core value proposition of the Prime subscription or the benefits currently offered to subscribers. They maintain that the ruling is strictly limited to the visual placement of information on an outdated interface.
We must also consider the broader context of this rivalry to understand the full picture. While Ryanair secured this victory in Berlin, the legal landscape is mixed. For instance, in July 2025, a commercial court in Barcelona ruled in favor of eDreams, ordering Ryanair to cease its denigration campaign. In that instance, the Spanish court found that Ryanair’s accusations that eDreams deceives customers constituted unfair competition. This back-and-forth suggests that while individual battles are being won and lost, the war for market dominance and customer ownership remains unresolved.
A central element of Ryanair’s Strategy is the push for its Approved OTA model. The airline has successfully negotiated agreements with several other travel aggregators, such as Loveholidays, Kiwi, and On the Beach. These agreements typically require the OTA to cease screen scraping, the practice of using software to extract data from the airline’s website without permission, and to provide the airline with direct customer contact details. This ensures the airline can communicate directly with passengers regarding flight changes or ancillary services.
eDreams remains the most significant holdout in this strategy, refusing to sign such an agreement. The Berlin ruling provides Ryanair with additional leverage to argue that non-approved OTAs operate with insufficient transparency. However, eDreams continues to argue that their model provides unique value through interlining (combining flights from different carriers) and bundled discounts that a single airline cannot replicate. The friction here is fundamentally about who owns the customer relationship: the carrier operating the flight or the platform facilitating the booking. Looking ahead, we anticipate that this ruling will encourage further scrutiny of digital subscription models in the travel industry. The Berlin Regional Court’s decision aligns with a wider trend among European regulators to crack down on dark patterns, user interface designs that may trick users into doing things they didn’t mean to, such as agreeing to hidden fees. Whether eDreams is forced to alter its current interface or if their legacy defense holds up in the court of public opinion remains to be seen.
The permanent injunction granted by the Berlin Regional Court represents a tangible legal victory for Ryanair in its campaign for greater transparency in the OTA market. By successfully challenging the terms and conditions of the eDreams Prime subscription, the airline has highlighted the legal risks associated with misleading savings claims and opaque renewal clauses. However, the practical impact of this ruling may be tempered if, as eDreams claims, the judgment applies only to discontinued website iterations.
Ultimately, this case underscores the evolving regulatory environment surrounding digital travel sales. As courts in Germany, Spain, and the United States continue to weigh in on issues ranging from screen scraping to defamation, the industry is moving toward a pivotal moment. We expect that the pressure for clear, transparent pricing and fair competition will force both airlines and OTAs to refine their digital strategies to ensure compliance and maintain consumer trust.
What did the Berlin Regional Court rule regarding eDreams? How has eDreams responded to the injunction? Does this ruling affect all Online Travel Agents (OTAs)?
Berlin Court Rules on eDreams Prime Terms
The Battle of Narratives: “Pirates” vs. “Legacy” Systems
Implications for the “Approved OTA” Model
Conclusion
FAQ
The court granted a permanent injunction prohibiting eDreams from using specific terms and conditions for its Prime subscription that were deemed misleading and unlawful, particularly regarding savings claims and fee transparency.
eDreams stated that the ruling is substantially irrelevant because it concerns a legacy version of their website and display formats that are no longer in use.
No, this specific ruling is against eDreams. However, Ryanair is using the verdict to call for broader enforcement of transparency standards across the OTA industry.
Sources
Photo Credit: Ryanair
Route Development
King Salman International Airport Set to Boost Saudi Aviation Capacity
King Salman International Airport in Riyadh will handle up to 185 million passengers by 2050, driving aviation growth and sustainability.
The landscape of global aviation is poised for a significant transformation with the development of the King Salman International Airport (KSIA) in Riyadh. Announced by the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, this mega-infrastructure project represents a cornerstone of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030. The initiative is not merely an expansion of existing facilities but a complete reimagining of the capital’s role in international logistics and tourism. By utilizing the current King Khalid International Airport as a foundation, the project aims to create a gateway that bridges the East and West.
Covering an expansive area of approximately 57 square kilometers, the master plan outlines a facility that rivals the world’s largest aviation hubs. The project is being developed by the King Salman International Airport Development Company (KSIADC), a subsidiary of the Public Investment Fund (PIF). This development underscores the Kingdom’s strategic shift toward diversifying its economy, moving away from a reliance on oil and toward becoming a global powerhouse in trade, transport, and tourism.
The significance of KSIA extends beyond its physical footprint. It is designed to serve as a catalyst for Riyadh’s growth, supporting the city’s ambition to join the ranks of the world’s top ten city economies. With a strategic location that places it within a four-hour flight of 40% of the world’s population, the airport is positioned to capture a substantial share of international transit traffic while serving the growing domestic demand.
The scale of the King Salman International Airport is difficult to overstate. The master plan includes the construction of six parallel runways, a feature that will allow for high-volume operations and seamless traffic management. The capacity targets set for the project are ambitious: the airport aims to handle 120 million passengers annually by 2030. Looking further ahead, the target increases to 185 million passengers by 2050. If achieved, these figures would place KSIA among the busiest airports globally, comparable to current leaders like Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International.
Beyond passenger numbers, the airport is engineered to become a heavyweight in global logistics. The infrastructure is designed to process 3.5 million tons of cargo annually by 2050. This capability is essential for Riyadh’s transformation into a logistics hub, facilitating the rapid movement of goods between continents. The development is expected to contribute approximately SAR 27 billion ($7.2 billion) annually to Saudi Arabia’s non-oil GDP, marking a substantial return on investment for the national economy.
The project is also a major engine for employment. Official projections indicate that the airport ecosystem will create 103,000 direct and indirect jobs. These roles will span various sectors, including aviation operations, retail, hospitality, and logistics management. To support this workforce and the operational complexity of six runways, the region will see a surge in demand for specialized training and aviation expertise, further integrating the local workforce into the global aviation industry.
The 2050 target of 185 million passengers signals an intent to not just compete, but to redefine the scale of global aviation hubs.
The architectural vision for KSIA, led by the renowned firm Foster + Partners, moves away from traditional airport designs to embrace the concept of an “aerotropolis”, a city within a city. This approach integrates the airport terminal with the urban fabric of Riyadh. The master plan allocates 12 square kilometers specifically for residential, recreational, and retail facilities. This includes high-end shopping, dining, and housing for airport staff, creating a self-sustaining ecosystem that operates independently of the main city center.
A defining feature of the passenger experience will be the “Wadi Loop.” Inspired by Saudi Arabia’s natural river valleys, this central green corridor will serve as a landscaped connector between terminals and commercial zones. The design prioritizes natural light and ventilation, aiming to humanize the travel experience by bringing elements of nature indoors. This focus on biophilic design is intended to reduce the stress typically associated with large transit hubs, offering a unique environment that reflects the local culture and geography. Sustainability is a non-negotiable pillar of the project. The developers have committed to achieving LEED Platinum certification, the highest standard for green building rating systems. The airport plans to power its operations entirely through renewable energy sources. This commitment aligns with the broader “Saudi Green Initiative,” ensuring that the massive expansion in infrastructure does not come at the cost of environmental degradation. By utilizing cutting-edge energy efficiency technologies, KSIA aims to set a new benchmark for eco-friendly aviation infrastructure.
The operational success of King Salman International Airport is closely tied to the growth of the Kingdom’s airlines. The airport will serve as the operational base for the existing national carrier, Saudia, and the newly established Riyadh Air. Owned by the PIF, Riyadh Air is scheduled to launch commercial flights in 2025 and aims to connect to 100 destinations by 2030. The synergy between the new infrastructure and the new airline is critical, as Riyadh Air is expected to drive the transfer traffic necessary to fill the expanded capacity.
Construction is currently underway, with a phased timeline designed to meet specific milestones. Following the launch of Riyadh Air, a new private aviation terminal is expected to open in 2026, catering to high-net-worth individuals and business delegations. A new runway is slated for completion by 2027, followed by a major terminal building between 2028 and 2029. The ultimate goal is full operational readiness of the main iconic terminal by 2030, just in time to support the influx of visitors for the Riyadh Expo 2030.
We observe that this project places Riyadh in direct competition with established regional hubs like Dubai and Doha. However, the strategy appears to differ by focusing heavily on destination traffic driven by Saudi Arabia’s burgeoning tourism sector, in addition to transit passengers. With delivery partners like Mace and master planners like Jacobs involved, the project leverages global expertise to navigate the technical complexities of airspace management and large-scale construction.
King Salman International Airport represents a pivotal moment in the history of Saudi aviation. By combining massive scale with a focus on sustainability and passenger experience, the project aims to redefine what a modern airport can be. It serves as a tangible manifestation of Vision 2030, illustrating the Kingdom’s commitment to diversifying its economy and opening its doors to the world.
As construction progresses toward the 2030 deadline, the airport will likely become a case study in mega-project execution. If the targets for passenger capacity and economic contribution are met, KSIA will not only transform Riyadh’s skyline but also alter the flow of global air travel, firmly establishing Saudi Arabia as a central node in the international logistics network.
Where is King Salman International Airport located? When will the airport be fully operational? What is the projected passenger capacity? Who is designing the airport?
King Salman International Airport: A New Global Aviation Hub
Infrastructure and Economic Impact
Design, Sustainability, and the Aerotropolis Concept
Strategic Operations and Future Timeline
Concluding Section
FAQ
The airport is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is being developed on the site of the existing King Khalid International Airport, expanding the footprint to approximately 57 square kilometers.
While the project is being delivered in phases, the main iconic terminal is targeted for full operational readiness by 2030. Initial milestones include the launch of Riyadh Air in 2025 and a private aviation terminal in 2026.
The master plan targets a capacity of 120 million passengers per year by 2030, rising to 185 million passengers per year by 2050.
The master plan was designed by the UK-based architectural firm Foster + Partners, who won the competition to design the facility.
Sources
Photo Credit: PIF
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