Space & Satellites
Starlink Clears Final Hurdle for India Satellite Internet Launch
SpaceX’s Starlink secures IN-SPACe approval to deploy 4,408 satellites in India, partnering with Airtel/Jio for rural broadband expansion.
Elon Musk’s satellite internet venture, Starlink, has secured final regulatory approval from India‘s space regulator, the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe), clearing the last major hurdle to launch commercial operations in India. This milestone, achieved on July 9, 2025, concludes a three-year regulatory journey that began in 2022 and positions Starlink as the third satellite internet provider approved in India, joining Eutelsat’s OneWeb and Reliance Jio.
The authorization, valid for five years or until the operational life of Starlink’s Gen1 constellation ends, permits the deployment of 4,408 low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites over India. Before commencing services, Starlink must now secure spectrum allocation from the Indian government, establish ground infrastructure (including at least three gateway stations), and demonstrate compliance with security protocols through testing.
The approval follows intense policy debates over spectrum allocation methods, with the Indian government ultimately supporting Starlink’s position for administrative assignment rather than auctions, a stance opposed by Reliance Jio. This development signals a transformative shift in India’s digital connectivity landscape, particularly for rural and remote regions where terrestrial broadband remains inaccessible.
Starlink, operated by SpaceX, represents a cornerstone of global satellite internet infrastructure, with over 7,600 satellites currently in orbit and more than 6 million subscribers across over 140 countries. Founded in 2019, Starlink’s mission centers on delivering high-speed, low-latency internet via LEO satellites, targeting connectivity gaps in underserved regions.
The service gained momentum through beta testing in 2020, achieving speeds exceeding 150 Mbps and expanding rapidly despite challenges like signal interference with astronomical observations and satellite debris management. SpaceX’s vertically integrated model, combining satellite manufacturing, rocket launches, and user terminal production, enabled aggressive deployment, with 60 satellites launched per mission using reusable Falcon 9 rockets.
By 2023, Starlink reached profitability and was projected to generate $11.8 billion in revenue for 2025, driven by its dominance in the global satellite internet market which is expected to grow significantly in the coming years.
Starlink’s entry into India faced protracted regulatory scrutiny. The company applied for licenses in 2022 but encountered delays due to security reviews and policy disputes. A pivotal conflict emerged over spectrum allocation: Reliance Jio advocated for auctions to ensure competitive fairness, while Starlink argued administrative assignment was standard global practice for satellite spectrum.
The Indian government’s Telecommunications Act of 2023 sided with Starlink, permitting administrative allocation, a decision that accelerated the approval process. In June 2025, Starlink obtained a Global Mobile Personal Communication by Satellite (GMPCS) license from the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), followed by IN-SPACe’s authorization in July. This phased approval reflects India’s cautious approach to space-based services, balancing innovation with national security. Notably, IN-SPACe, established in 2020 to promote private space ventures, has now authorized three satellite operators, signaling India’s commitment to bridging its digital divide through multi-stakeholder collaboration.
IN-SPACe’s authorization mandates strict technical parameters for Starlink’s Gen1 constellation. The satellites, orbiting at altitudes between 540–570 km, will use designated frequency bands for both gateway and user beams. These include uplinks in the 27.5–30 GHz range and downlinks in the 17.8–19.3 GHz range for gateways, and 14.0–14.5 GHz (uplink) and 10.7–12.7 GHz (downlink) for user access.
Starlink is required to deploy multiple ground stations across India to interface with the satellite network. The process, including setup and security trials, is expected to take between three to six months. These trials will be overseen by the Department of Telecommunications to ensure compliance with India’s cybersecurity and data localization policies.
The Gen1 constellation offers an estimated 600 Gbps throughput over India, with future iterations (such as V3 satellites) promising significantly higher capacities. User hardware will include phased-array antennas priced at approximately ₹33,000, with monthly subscription fees ranging between ₹3,000 and ₹4,200, which aligns with Starlink’s pricing in other emerging markets.
“Starlink’s approval aligns with our ₹500 crore Technology Adoption Fund, which prioritizes rural connectivity and emergency response applications.” — IN-SPACe Official
India’s satellite internet market is poised for disruption. Over half of rural households still lack broadband access, creating a significant opportunity for satellite-based connectivity. Starlink enters a competitive landscape that includes established players like Reliance Jio and OneWeb (Eutelsat).
Reliance Jio leverages its existing telecom infrastructure to focus on enterprise and government contracts, while OneWeb targets mobility solutions, including maritime and aviation sectors. Starlink, in contrast, is positioning itself as a consumer-first provider, with early partnerships suggesting a focus on VSAT and rural broadband services.
Strategic alliances with both Bharti Airtel and Jio will help Starlink scale rapidly. Airtel is expected to handle retail distribution and enterprise solutions, while Jio may integrate Starlink services into its JioSpaceFiber ecosystem. This cooperative competition model reflects the high capital requirements of satellite infrastructure and the need for shared resources.
Starlink’s authorization supports India’s broader goal of achieving 100% mobile and internet coverage. The service is expected to have significant socio-economic impacts, enabling applications in agriculture, education, and healthcare, particularly in remote and underserved regions. However, affordability remains a critical concern. The upfront and monthly costs of Starlink are significantly higher than terrestrial broadband options, which may limit adoption unless government subsidies or universal service obligations are introduced. Programs under the “Digital India” initiative could potentially bridge this affordability gap.
Moreover, the approval sets important regulatory precedents for future LEO operators. It underscores India’s emphasis on data sovereignty, cybersecurity, and sustainable space practices, which will shape the country’s space policy in the years ahead.
Experts have weighed in on both the opportunities and challenges presented by Starlink’s entry into India. Hugh Lewis, Professor of Astronautics at the University of Southampton, emphasized the need for robust space traffic management as LEO constellations grow in number. Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center, noted the importance of debris mitigation given SpaceX’s aggressive satellite deployment schedule.
These concerns highlight the broader implications of satellite internet beyond connectivity, touching on sustainability, international coordination, and long-term orbital safety.
Starlink’s regulatory approval marks a significant milestone in India’s journey toward universal digital connectivity. The collaboration between global technology providers and local telecom companies offers a promising model for delivering high-speed internet to underserved communities.
While challenges remain, particularly around affordability and infrastructure deployment, the potential benefits for education, healthcare, and economic development are substantial. As Starlink begins operations, its success may serve as a blueprint for other emerging economies exploring satellite internet solutions.
What is Starlink? When will Starlink start operations in India? How much does Starlink cost in India? Will Starlink be available in rural areas? Is Starlink working with Indian companies?
Starlink’s Entry into India: Regulatory Approval and Market Implications
Historical Context of Starlink’s Expansion
Regulatory Journey in India
Technical Specifications and Operational Framework
Market Context and Competitive Dynamics
Strategic Implications for India’s Digital Economy
Expert Perspectives
Conclusion
FAQ
Starlink is a satellite internet service developed by SpaceX that uses low-Earth orbit satellites to deliver high-speed internet globally.
Starlink has received final regulatory approval and is expected to begin operations after completing ground infrastructure and spectrum allocation steps, likely within 3–6 months.
The hardware kit is expected to cost around ₹33,000, with monthly subscriptions ranging from ₹3,000 to ₹4,200.
Yes, Starlink is targeting underserved and remote regions in India where traditional broadband access is limited.
Yes, Starlink has formed partnerships with Bharti Airtel and Reliance Jio to support distribution and integration of its services in India.
Sources
Photo Credit:
Space & Satellites
Sodern Opens First US Facility in Colorado for Star Tracker Production
Sodern launches its first US industrial subsidiary in Colorado, producing Auriga™ star trackers and expanding in the US aerospace market.
This article is based on an official press release from Sodern.
Sodern, a prominent French manufacturer of space equipment and a subsidiary of ArianeGroup, has officially inaugurated its first United States industrial subsidiary, Sodern America. Located in Englewood, Colorado, the new facility marks a significant strategic expansion for the European aerospace giant, representing ArianeGroup’s first industrial installation on American soil.
According to the company’s announcement, the opening of Sodern America is designed to bring the manufacturer closer to its U.S. client base and navigate domestic regulatory requirements. The move positions Sodern to compete directly with established American firms in the defense and commercial space sectors by establishing a local supply chain and production capability.
The new subsidiary is situated in the Denver metropolitan area, a region widely recognized as a major hub for the U.S. aerospace industry. The facility spans approximately 14,000 square feet (1,300 square meters) and is equipped to handle manufacturing, testing, and commercial support.
In its official statement, Sodern outlined the specific operational capabilities of the Englewood site:
By establishing this physical presence, Sodern aims to address the “dynamic and demanding” nature of the U.S. market, ensuring that critical components are available with shorter supply-chains than those requiring import from Europe.
To lead the new subsidiary, Sodern has appointed Tiphaine Louradour as the CEO of Sodern America. Louradour brings over 25 years of experience in the space industry, having held significant leadership roles at major U.S. aerospace organizations.
According to biographical details released in conjunction with the announcement, Louradour’s background includes serving as CEO of Spaceflight Inc., President of International Launch Services (ILS), and President of Global Commercial Sales at United Launch Alliance (ULA). Her appointment signals Sodern’s intent to leverage deep ties within the U.S. space industrial base to secure new contracts.
A primary driver for this expansion, as noted in the company’s strategic rationale, is compliance with U.S. regulatory frameworks. Foreign entities often face barriers when bidding for U.S. government defense and civil space contracts due to strict domestic content requirements, often referred to as “Buy American” mandates. By manufacturing the Auriga™ star tracker and conducting testing in Colorado, Sodern America intends to qualify for sensitive programs that are typically restricted to U.S. entities. This local status allows the company to bypass previous regulatory hurdles and compete on equal footing with domestic manufacturers.
The entry of Sodern America into the Colorado aerospace cluster places it in direct proximity to some of its fiercest competitors. The Denver area is home to Blue Canyon Technologies (a subsidiary of RTX), which is a market leader in small satellite components and star trackers. Additionally, Ball Aerospace (now part of BAE Systems Space & Mission Systems) and Honeywell Aerospace maintain significant operations in the region.
Sodern is already a supplier for major U.S. stakeholders, including NASA, providing instruments for the InSight Mars mission and the Europa Clipper, and the OneWeb constellation. However, establishing a manufacturing foothold suggests a shift from being an exporter to becoming an embedded part of the U.S. supply chain. This move is likely to intensify competition in the optical sensors market, particularly as satellite constellations continue to scale.
What is Sodern America? Where is the new facility located? What will be manufactured at the new site? Who is the CEO of Sodern America? Why did Sodern open a U.S. factory?
Facility Capabilities and Strategic Location
Leadership and Market Objectives
Navigating “Buy American” Regulations
AirPro News Analysis: The Competitive Landscape
Frequently Asked Questions
Sodern America is the new U.S. subsidiary of the French space equipment manufacturer Sodern. It is the company’s first industrial facility in the United States.
The facility is located in Englewood, Colorado, within the Denver metropolitan area.
The site will feature a production line for Auriga™ star trackers and testing facilities for Hydra™ star trackers.
Tiphaine Louradour, a veteran aerospace executive with previous leadership roles at Spaceflight Inc. and ULA, has been appointed as CEO.
The expansion aims to bypass “Buy American” regulatory hurdles, shorten supply chains for U.S. clients, and allow the company to bid on U.S. government defense contracts.Sources
Photo Credit: Sodern
Space & Satellites
Isar Aerospace Opens Acceptance Test Facility at Esrange Space Center
Isar Aerospace launches a new test site at Esrange, Sweden, to support industrial-scale production of Spectrum rocket ahead of March 2026 flight.
This article is based on an official press release from Isar Aerospace.
Isar Aerospace has officially inaugurated a new acceptance test facility at the Esrange Space Center in Kiruna, Sweden. Announced on February 4, 2026, the opening marks a significant transition for the Munich-based launch provider as it shifts focus from prototype development to the industrial-scale production of its Spectrum launch vehicle.
The new site is purpose-built to verify the flight readiness of manufactured hardware, a critical step in ensuring high-cadence Launch operations. According to the company, the facility is designed to test over 30 Aquila engines per month, alongside fully integrated rocket stages. This infrastructure expansion comes just weeks before Isar Aerospace attempts its second Test-Flights, mission “Onward and Upward,” scheduled to First-Flight from Andøya Spaceport in Norway in March 2026.
Unlike development testing, which focuses on validating design concepts, acceptance testing is the final quality control step before hardware is shipped to the launch pad. Isar Aerospace stated in their press release that the new facility is specifically engineered to remove production bottlenecks. By securing dedicated infrastructure for acceptance testing, the company aims to ensure that every engine and stage coming off the assembly line is immediately qualified for flight.
The facility operates alongside Isar’s existing vertical test stand (VTS-2) at Esrange, which has been utilized for development testing since 2019. The addition of the new site allows for parallel operations: R&D can continue on the vertical stand while the new facility handles the volume required for serial production.
“Scaling reliable access to space requires not only advanced launch vehicle design but also the right infrastructure to support rapid development and production. With our second test facility at Esrange, we are unlocking new capabilities and accelerating our progress.”
, Daniel Metzler, CEO & Co-Founder, Isar Aerospace
The new infrastructure significantly increases the company’s throughput. Isar Aerospace reports that the site is equipped to handle the acceptance testing of more than 30 Aquila engines monthly. Furthermore, the site supports integrated stage testing, allowing engineers to verify the entire rocket stage as a cohesive unit before it leaves Sweden.
The opening of this facility highlights the intensifying race among European launch Startups to provide sovereign access to space. Isar Aerospace is competing with peers such as Rocket Factory Augsburg (RFA) and Orbex to fill the gap in Europe’s launch market. By vertically integrating its testing capabilities, Isar Aerospace reduces reliance on shared facilities, potentially giving it an advantage in scheduling and launch cadence. Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), which operates Esrange, emphasized the importance of this Partnerships for the broader European ecosystem.
“This new facility strengthens Europe’s path toward scalable and reliable access to space… Together, we are building the infrastructure that will enable a new generation of launch services.”
, Mats Tyni, Director of Business Development, SSC
The distinction between “development” and “acceptance” testing is often overlooked, yet it is the primary hurdle for launch companies moving from a single successful flight to a commercial service. In our view, Isar Aerospace’s Investments in a high-volume acceptance facility signals confidence in their hardware design. It suggests the company believes the Aquila engine design is mature enough to freeze for mass production. If the upcoming March 2026 flight is successful, this infrastructure will be the key enabler that allows them to fulfill their backlog without the testing bottlenecks that have historically plagued the industry.
The facility inauguration serves as a prelude to Isar Aerospace’s next major milestone. The company confirmed that its second test flight, dubbed “Onward and Upward,” is targeted for a launch window in March 2026. This mission will utilize the Spectrum vehicle, a two-stage rocket designed to carry up to 1,000 kg to Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
The Spectrum vehicle relies on the Aquila engines tested at Esrange, which utilize Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Propane. Following a flight termination during the first test launch in March 2025, the company has conducted extensive hot-fire tests to validate system corrections. The new acceptance facility will likely play a central role in qualifying engines for vehicles 3 through 7, which are currently planned for concurrent production.
Industrializing Launch Capabilities
Capacity and Specs
Strategic Context: The Race for European Sovereignty
AirPro News Analysis
Upcoming Mission: “Onward and Upward”
Sources
Photo Credit: Isar Aerospace
Space & Satellites
SpaceX Crew-12 Arrives in Florida for February ISS Launch
Crew-12 astronauts from NASA, ESA, and Roscosmos arrive at Kennedy Space Center ahead of their February 11 launch to the ISS aboard SpaceX Crew Dragon.
This article is based on an official press release from NASA and additional mission data from ESA and Roscosmos.
The four-member crew of the SpaceX Crew-12 mission arrived at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida on Friday, February 6, 2026, marking the final operational milestone before their scheduled Launch to the International Space Station (ISS). Flying in from the Johnson Space Center in Houston, the international team of astronauts landed at the Launch and Landing Facility to commence final preparations and mandatory quarantine protocols.
According to NASA, the mission is targeted to lift off on Wednesday, February 11, 2026, at 6:01 a.m. EST. The crew will ride aboard the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft named Freedom, propelled by a Falcon 9 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. This flight represents a continuation of the Commercial Crew Program’s efforts to maintain a continuous human presence in low-Earth orbit.
The arrival of Crew-12 is operationally critical for the ISS, which has recently functioned with a reduced staff due to schedule shifts and medical evaluations. The successful docking of Crew-12, targeted for approximately 10:30 a.m. EST on February 12, will restore the orbiting laboratory to its full complement of seven astronauts, stabilizing maintenance rosters and scientific output for Expeditions 74 and 75.
The Crew-12 mission brings together representatives from three major Space-Agencies: NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and Roscosmos. The mission duration is expected to last approximately nine months, during which the crew will conduct hundreds of scientific experiments and technology demonstrations.
In an official statement regarding the mission’s scope, NASA noted:
“Crew-12 will conduct scientific investigations and technology demonstrations to help prepare humans for future exploration missions to the Moon and Mars, as well as benefit people on Earth.”
Following the launch on February 11, the crew will execute a 28-hour rendezvous profile before docking with the ISS. Once aboard, they will overlap briefly with the departing crew before settling into a long-duration stay focused on deep space biology, material science, and Earth observation.
The manifest for Crew-12 features a blend of veteran leadership and rookie talent, including two American astronauts, one French astronaut, and one Russian cosmonaut. Leading the mission is veteran astronaut Jessica Meir. Meir previously served on Expedition 61/62 in 2019 and 2020, where she gained global recognition for participating in the first all-female spacewalk alongside Christina Koch. A dual American-Swedish citizen, Meir holds a Doctorate in Marine Biology from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Her scientific background includes extensive research on animal physiology in extreme environments, such as emperor penguins in Antarctica. As Mission Commander, she is responsible for all phases of flight, from launch to re-entry.
Seated alongside Meir is mission pilot Jack Hathaway, making his first trip to space. Selected as a NASA astronaut candidate in 2021, Hathaway brings extensive aviation experience as a Commander in the U.S. Navy. He is a distinguished graduate of the Empire Test Pilots’ School and has logged over 2,500 flight hours in more than 30 types of aircraft. His role on Crew-12 involves monitoring vehicle systems and performance during the dynamic phases of flight.
Representing the European Space Agency is Mission Specialist Sophie Adenot. A Lieutenant Colonel in the French Air and Space Force and a helicopter test pilot, Adenot was selected as an ESA astronaut in 2022. She becomes the second French woman to fly to space, following Claudie Haigneré’s mission in 1996. Adenot’s individual mission is designated “Epsilon.”
Commenting on the significance of her role, Adenot stated:
“With this Epsilon mission, France and Europe are contributing to a global endeavor. Space exploration connects science, economy, technology, education, and diplomacy.”
Rounding out the crew is Roscosmos cosmonaut Andrey Fedyaev. This flight marks his second journey to the ISS, having previously flown on the SpaceX Crew-6 mission from March to September 2023. Fedyaev’s inclusion in the crew is notable for making him the first Russian cosmonaut to fly twice on a SpaceX Dragon vehicle. He is tasked with monitoring launch and re-entry phases and managing cargo operations aboard the station.
Upon their arrival in Florida, the crew immediately entered the Neil A. Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building to begin the standard pre-flight quarantine. This health stabilization protocol, a legacy of the Apollo era, is designed to ensure that no viral or bacterial illnesses are transported to the closed environment of the ISS.
The composition of Crew-12 underwent a significant adjustment late in the training flow. In December 2025, Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Artemyev was removed from the manifest and replaced by Andrey Fedyaev. While Roscosmos officially cited a “transition to other work” as the reason for the swap, industry reports have suggested the change may have been influenced by internal Regulations. Fedyaev’s previous experience on the Crew-6 mission allowed him to step into the role with a compressed training timeline, ensuring the mission schedule remained on track.
The integration of Andrey Fedyaev into Crew-12 highlights the increasing maturity and interoperability of the Commercial Crew Program. In previous eras of spaceflight, a crew change less than three months before launch could have resulted in significant delays. However, the standardization of the SpaceX Crew Dragon platform allows veteran flyers like Fedyaev to retain currency and step into rotation with reduced lead time. Furthermore, the launch of Crew-12 is pivotal for ISS operations. The station has faced a period of flux regarding crew numbers, and the return to a seven-person staff is essential for clearing the backlog of maintenance tasks and maximizing the scientific return of the orbiting laboratory before the transition to commercial space stations begins later in the decade.
Sources:
Crew-12 Astronauts Touch Down in Florida Ahead of February 11 Launch
Mission Profile and Timeline
Meet the Crew-12 Astronauts
Commander Jessica Meir (NASA)
Pilot Jack Hathaway (NASA)
Mission Specialist Sophie Adenot (ESA)
Mission Specialist Andrey Fedyaev (Roscosmos)
Operational Context and Late Adjustments
Late Crew Change
AirPro News Analysis
Photo Credit: NASA
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