Space & Satellites
SpaceX Dragon CRS-33 Delivers Supplies and Boosts ISS Orbit
SpaceX’s CRS-33 mission delivers critical cargo and introduces a new orbital boost system to the ISS, supporting 25 years of continuous operation.
SpaceX Dragon CRS-33 Mission Successfully Delivers Critical Science and Supplies to International Space Station
On August 25, 2025, at precisely 7:05 a.m. EDT, SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft docked with the International Space Station (ISS), marking a significant milestone in commercial space operations and orbital science. Designated CRS-33, this mission not only delivered vital supplies and scientific experiments but also introduced a groundbreaking orbital boost capability, changing the dynamics of station-keeping for the ISS. The event coincides with the ISS’s 25th year of continuous human presence, underscoring the evolution of international cooperation and the growing influence of commercial partnerships in sustaining orbital research.
The CRS-33 mission stands as the 33rd Commercial Resupply Services flight by SpaceX, continuing a legacy of reliable cargo delivery and technological innovation. With over 5,000 pounds of cargo aboard, including advanced science payloads, the mission demonstrates the synergy between government agencies and private industry in pushing the boundaries of what is possible in low Earth orbit. The successful demonstration of Dragon’s new orbital boost system also signals a shift in operational independence for the ISS, particularly as the station’s future partners and operational structure face transition.
Mission Overview and Technical Achievement
The CRS-33 mission launched on August 24, 2025, from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, utilizing a Falcon 9 rocket with first stage booster B1090 on its seventh flight. The Dragon spacecraft (serial C211) made its third journey to the ISS, exemplifying SpaceX’s commitment to reusable hardware and cost-effective spaceflight operations.
After separation from the Falcon 9’s second stage, Dragon entered a 190 x 210 km orbit and began a series of automated maneuvers using its Draco thrusters to rendezvous with the ISS. The spacecraft autonomously docked to the forward port of the Harmony module, achieving soft capture while the station orbited 260 miles above the Ivory Coast of Africa. This marked the 50th Dragon vehicle to reach the ISS, a testament to the reliability and frequency of commercial resupply missions.
The mission’s success required precise orbital mechanics, robust autonomous navigation, and close coordination between SpaceX, NASA, and international partners. Astronaut Mike Fincke, speaking from the station, acknowledged the effort:
“We’d like to say thanks to everybody who made the cargo and loaded the cargo and launched the cargo. It’s our job now to take care of it from here. We’ll do our very best for all the science that’s now aboard.”
Scientific Payload and Research Initiatives
CRS-33 delivered approximately 2,300 kilograms of cargo, including 1,091 kg of crew supplies, 447 kg of science investigations, 587 kg of vehicle hardware, 55 kg of spacewalk equipment, and 35 kg of computer resources. The manifest demonstrates the multifaceted support required for ISS operations, from daily sustenance to advanced research.
Among the notable supplies were over 1,500 tortillas, preferred in space due to their crumb-free nature, along with coffee, tea, and personalized meal packages. These details highlight how even basic logistics must be adapted for microgravity environments.
On the science front, the mission carried a European Space Agencies metal 3D printer, a bioprinting experiment for tissue engineering, and studies on lab-grown liver tissues with blood vessels. These investigations aim to advance in-space manufacturing, regenerative medicine, and drug testing, leveraging the unique microgravity environment to achieve results not possible on Earth.
“This flight will test 3D printing metal parts and bioprinting tissue in microgravity, technology that could give astronauts tools and medical support on future moon and Mars missions.” , Acting NASA Administrator Sean Duffy
Additional experiments focus on bone loss in microgravity, a critical issue for long-duration missions. Findings from these studies are expected to inform both space medicine and treatments for osteoporosis on Earth.
Revolutionary Orbital Boost Capability
A defining feature of CRS-33 is the debut of Dragon’s orbital boost system. Housed in the spacecraft’s trunk, this kit includes an independent propellant system feeding two Draco engines, designed to raise the ISS’s orbit and counteract atmospheric drag. Until now, these reboosts relied primarily on Russian Progress vehicles or the station’s own thrusters.
The boost kit provides about 1.5 times the reboost capability of a Progress vehicle, significantly enhancing ISS altitude maintenance options. The system is scheduled for a series of burns throughout fall 2025, coordinated with international partners to minimize disruption to station operations.
This innovation is strategically important as Russia considers withdrawing from the ISS partnership by 2028, two years before the station’s planned retirement in 2030. The Dragon boost capability, along with similar developments for Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus, ensures redundancy and operational security for the ISS’s final years.
“It’s been exciting for us to support this critical, new effort and it feels like we get to become an even more integrated part of the ISS operations ecosystem.” , Sarah Walker, SpaceX Director of Dragon Mission Management
The technology also paves the way for future deorbit operations. SpaceX is under contract to develop the U.S. Deorbit Vehicle, which will safely guide the ISS into controlled reentry at the end of its mission life.
International Space Station Operational Milestone
CRS-33’s arrival coincides with the ISS’s 25th anniversary of continuous human occupation, a milestone to be officially marked on November 2, 2025. The ISS has hosted more than 280 residents, supported over 4,000 scientific experiments, and involved researchers from 110 countries, symbolizing unprecedented international cooperation.
The station is a joint venture between NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, and CSA, each contributing modules, systems, and expertise. The ISS’s unique microgravity environment enables research in biotechnology, materials science, medicine, and Earth observation, producing insights not possible in terrestrial labs.
In 2024, the ISS welcomed 25 crew members from nine countries, hosted seven cargo missions, and made history by docking three different crewed spacecraft simultaneously. These achievements reflect the station’s ongoing vitality and its role as a testbed for future commercial and governmental space initiatives.
“We’ve enabled more than 4,000 different scientific experiments and technology demonstrations and that represents the work of over 5,000 researchers from over 110 countries around the world.” , Heidi Parris, NASA ISS Program Research Office
Commercial Space Partnership Evolution
The CRS-33 mission exemplifies NASA’s commercial partnership strategy, which has shifted from experimental programs to operational mainstays. Under the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) program, SpaceX has delivered cargo reliably and cost-effectively, enabling NASA to focus resources on deep space exploration.
The first CRS contract saw SpaceX complete 20 missions for $3.04 billion, averaging $152 million per flight. The CRS-2 contract, awarded in 2016, extended these services and introduced additional providers, increasing mission flexibility and competition. SpaceX’s reusable hardware further reduces costs and environmental impact, with the Falcon 9 first stage landing marking its 121st recovery on the drone ship “A Shortfall of Gravitas”.
Commercial crew and cargo programs have created a robust supply chain supporting not just NASA’s needs but also those of international partners and private entities. This model is expected to inform the transition to commercial space stations as the ISS nears retirement.
Scientific Research and Technology Advancement
The research delivered by CRS-33 represents the forefront of microgravity science. Bioprinting experiments aim to produce tissue structures for regenerative medicine, while metal 3D printing could revolutionize in-space manufacturing for future lunar and Martian missions.
Bone loss and pharmaceutical studies on the ISS provide insights into fundamental biological processes and potential treatments for diseases on Earth. The ISS’s vantage point also supports climate research and disaster monitoring, offering unique data for Earth sciences.
Educational initiatives tied to these experiments engage students worldwide, fostering the next generation of scientists and engineers and demonstrating the societal value of sustained space operations.
Future Space Operations and Station Transition
With the ISS scheduled for retirement by 2030, technologies like Dragon’s boost system and the forthcoming U.S. Deorbit Vehicle are critical for a safe and orderly transition. The deorbit process will involve a controlled descent, ensuring the massive structure’s breakup occurs safely over uninhabited ocean.
Meanwhile, the development of commercial space stations is well underway, promising to continue the ISS’s scientific legacy under new operational models. These platforms will build on the lessons of public-private partnerships, offering expanded research, manufacturing, and commercial opportunities in low Earth orbit.
The future of orbital research will likely feature increased commercial involvement, international cooperation, and integration with deep space exploration architectures, ensuring continued access to the microgravity environment and its scientific benefits.
Conclusion
SpaceX’s CRS-33 mission marks a turning point in the evolution of commercial space operations and the ongoing legacy of the International Space Station. By delivering critical supplies, advanced scientific experiments, and pioneering a new orbital boost capability, the mission demonstrates the maturity and operational independence of commercial spaceflight.
As the ISS celebrates 25 years of continuous human presence, missions like CRS-33 ensure that the station remains a hub of international cooperation, scientific discovery, and technological innovation. The operational experience and advancements gained will inform the next generation of commercial space platforms, securing humanity’s foothold in low Earth orbit for decades to come.
FAQ
Q: What was the main goal of the CRS-33 mission?
A: To deliver over 5,000 pounds of supplies and scientific experiments to the ISS and demonstrate Dragon’s new orbital boost capability.
Q: Why is Dragon’s orbital boost capability significant?
A: It allows the ISS to maintain its orbit without relying solely on Russian vehicles, increasing operational independence and redundancy.
Q: What types of research were delivered on CRS-33?
A: Bioprinting tissue, metal 3D printing, bone loss studies, drug delivery investigations, and educational experiments.
Q: How does CRS-33 relate to the ISS’s future?
A: The mission’s technology and operational experience will support the ISS through its final years and inform the transition to commercial space stations.
Sources
Photo Credit: NASA
Space & Satellites
Rocket Lab Launches Eight Satellites for JAXA on Kakushin Rising Mission
Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket deployed eight satellites for JAXA from New Zealand, including the innovative OrigamiSat-2, after JAXA’s Epsilon-S was grounded.
This article is based on an official press release from Rocket Lab.
Rocket Lab Successfully Launches “Kakushin Rising” Mission for JAXA
On April 23, 2026, Rocket Lab Corporation successfully executed its second dedicated orbital mission for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). According to an official press release from the company, the mission, dubbed “Kakushin Rising,” deployed eight spacecraft into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) from Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1 on the Mahia Peninsula in New Zealand.
The Electron rocket lifted off at 3:09 p.m. New Zealand Standard Time (NZT), marking Rocket Lab’s eighth launch of 2026 and its 87th launch overall. The successful deployment further cements the growing partnerships between the commercial launch provider and Japan’s national space agency, following their initial collaboration late last year.
We note that this mission underscores a broader industry trend: national space agencies are increasingly relying on agile commercial launch providers to maintain their research and deployment schedules, particularly when domestic launch vehicles face developmental or operational delays.
Mission Specifications and Payload Details
The “Kakushin Rising” Manifest
According to supplementary industry research, the Electron rocket targeted a 540-kilometer (336-mile) Sun-Synchronous Low Earth Orbit for this mission. The payload consisted of eight distinct spacecraft, encompassing a variety of educational small satellites, an ocean-monitoring satellite, and a demonstration unit for ultra-small multispectral cameras.
A standout payload on the manifest was OrigamiSat-2. Industry data indicates this satellite features a deployable antenna packed tightly using traditional origami folding techniques. Once in orbit, the antenna is designed to unfurl up to 25 times its original size, demonstrating an innovative approach to overcoming the spatial constraints of modern rocket fairings. Other satellites deployed during the mission included MAGNARO-II, KOSEN-2R, WASEDA-SAT-ZERO-II, FSI-SAT2, Mono-Nikko, ARICA-2, and PRELUDE.
JAXA’s Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration Program
The company stated that the payloads were launched as part of JAXA’s Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration Program. This initiative is designed to provide vital flight opportunities for Japanese universities, research institutions, and private companies. By allowing these entities to test high-risk, innovative technologies in the vacuum of space, JAXA aims to foster domestic startups and bolster Japan’s international competitiveness in the aerospace sector.
Strategic Context: Stepping in for Epsilon-S
A Pivot to Commercial Launchers
While the official press release highlights the successful partnership, industry research provides crucial context for this specific mission. The eight satellites aboard “Kakushin Rising” were originally slated to fly on JAXA’s domestic Epsilon-S rocket. However, following an explosion during an Epsilon-S static fire test and the subsequent grounding of that vehicle, JAXA pivoted to Rocket Lab to ensure the timely deployment of these critical research payloads.
Building on Previous Success
The April 2026 launch builds directly upon the success of Rocket Lab’s first dedicated mission for JAXA, which took place in December 2025. That initial mission, known as “RAISE and Shine,” successfully deployed the RAISE-4 spacecraft, which also tested new aerospace technologies developed across Japan. Rocket Lab noted that it worked closely with JAXA on “Kakushin Rising” to ensure the precise mission requirements for each of the eight satellites were met efficiently.
In the company’s press release, Rocket Lab founder and CEO Sir Peter Beck emphasized the reliability of the Electron launch vehicle:
“Two successful missions in a matter of months, deployed precisely where they needed to be on orbit, shows exactly why Electron is the preferred small launcher for national space agencies. JAXA is a world leader in space and it’s been an honor to be trusted with these back-to-back missions growing Japan’s aerospace economy.”
AirPro News analysis
The successful execution of the “Kakushin Rising” mission highlights a significant shift in the global space economy. As domestic rocket programs occasionally face technical hurdles, such as the grounding of JAXA’s Epsilon-S, commercial providers with proven track records are stepping in to fill the void. Rocket Lab’s Electron remains the world’s most frequently launched orbital small rocket, and its ability to execute two dedicated missions for a major national agency within a five-month span demonstrates high operational maturity.
Furthermore, financial analysts are taking note of this steady cadence. According to industry research citing firms like Roth Capital, Rocket Lab is well-positioned to capitalize on increased space technology and defense spending. The company is currently tracking toward a projected 20% year-over-year launch growth in 2026. With upcoming missions slated for commercial Earth observation, on-orbit technology demonstrations, and national security, Rocket Lab’s diverse manifest insulates it from the volatility often seen in the broader launch market.
Frequently Asked Questions
What was the “Kakushin Rising” mission?
“Kakushin Rising” was a dedicated orbital launch mission conducted by Rocket Lab for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) on April 23, 2026. It successfully deployed eight small satellites into Low Earth Orbit.
Why did JAXA use Rocket Lab for this launch?
According to industry research, the payloads were originally scheduled to launch on JAXA’s Epsilon-S rocket. Following an anomaly during an Epsilon-S static fire test that grounded the vehicle, JAXA contracted Rocket Lab to maintain its deployment schedule.
What is OrigamiSat-2?
OrigamiSat-2 is one of the eight satellites deployed during the mission. It features a deployable antenna that utilizes traditional origami folding techniques to pack tightly inside the rocket, unfurling to 25 times its original size once in orbit.
How many times has Rocket Lab launched in 2026?
According to the company, “Kakushin Rising” marked Rocket Lab’s 8th launch of 2026 and its 87th launch overall.
Sources
Photo Credit: Rocket Lab
Space & Satellites
SpaceX Falcon 9 Team Wins 2026 Neil Armstrong Space Prize
Purdue University awards the 2026 Neil Armstrong Space Prize to SpaceX engineers for Falcon 9 reusable booster technology used in over 600 missions.
This article is based on an official press release from Purdue University, with supplemental context drawn from regional and industry reporting.
On Tuesday, April 21, 2026, Purdue University announced the SpaceX Falcon 9 Booster Landing Team as the inaugural laureate of the 2026 Neil Armstrong Space Prize. The announcement, made at the university’s West Lafayette campus, honors the engineering nucleus responsible for developing the Falcon 9 vertical landing capability.
Intended to serve as the “Nobel Prize of Space,” the newly established award recognizes excellence in space discovery, innovation, and human achievement. By successfully landing and reusing orbital-class rocket boosters, the recognized SpaceX team has fundamentally transformed the aerospace industry, drastically reducing the financial barriers to space access.
Rather than awarding a corporate entity or a high-profile chief executive, the prize committee specifically chose to honor the five engineers who spearheaded the technical execution of the reusable two-stage rocket system. The laureates will be formally honored later this year during a national celebration in the nation’s capital.
The Inaugural Laureates and Their Aerospace Impact
Recognizing the Engineering Nucleus
The selection was revealed in the Herman and Heddy Kurz Atrium at Purdue’s Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering. According to the official press release, the five SpaceX recipients were surprised with the news via livestream. The event featured participation from prominent aerospace leaders, including NASA Associate Administrator Amit Kshatriya.
The five individuals recognized as the core of this technological breakthrough are Lars Blackmore (Senior Principal Mars Landing Engineer), Shana Diez (Senior Director, Starship Reliability), Jon Edwards (Senior Vice President of Falcon and Dragon Projects), Yoshiaki Kuwata (Principal Guidance, Navigation, and Control Engineer), and Eduardo Velazquez (Director, Crew Starship Engineering).
According to reporting by Based in Lafayette, the decision to honor individual engineers aligned with the wishes of Neil Armstrong’s family. Dan Dumbacher, Chair of the Neil Armstrong Space Prize Selection Committee and a Purdue professor, emphasized this distinction.
“It’s key that it’s not just an organization… the five people that were recognized were the nucleus of making it happen,” Dumbacher stated.
Falcon 9’s Reusability Milestones
The technological achievements of the Falcon 9 Booster Landing Team are underscored by unprecedented operational metrics. Industry data highlights that in 2025 alone, the Falcon 9 rocket completed 164 launches. Furthermore, the vertical landing capability has enabled a single booster to be reused more than 30 times.
As of April 2026, the reusable vertical landing system has been successfully utilized in over 600 missions. This shift from expendable rockets to sustainable fleets was a primary factor in the committee’s decision.
“The reusability resulting from vertical landing has been key in reducing the cost of launching payloads. This team made it happen,” Dumbacher noted during the announcement.
Purdue’s Space Heritage and the Prize’s Origins
The “Nobel Prize of Space”
According to background information from Space.com, the Neil Armstrong Space Prize was officially established on July 20, 2025, coinciding with the 56th anniversary of the historic Apollo 11 moon landing. The international award evaluates contributions across three distinct categories: Discovery (expanding human knowledge), Innovation (benefiting humanity through technology), and Human Achievement (pioneering accomplishments).
The Cradle of Astronauts
The award leverages Purdue University’s deep-rooted aerospace legacy. Often referred to as the “Cradle of Astronauts,” Purdue is the alma mater of Neil Armstrong, who earned his Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the institution in 1955. The university boasts 30 alumni who have either flown in space or been selected as NASA astronaut candidates.
In the university’s press release, Purdue University President Mung Chiang reflected on the institution’s connection to the prize’s namesake.
“Purdue alumnus Neil Armstrong took that small step and giant leap on the face of the moon in 1969,” Chiang stated.
Chiang further noted that as the new frontier of human space exploration dawns, the prize will continue to recognize the most impactful leaps in the space economy each year.
Looking Ahead to America250
September 2026 Award Ceremony
While the laureates have been announced, the formal presentation of the inaugural Neil Armstrong Space Prize will take place in September 2026. The ceremony is scheduled to be held in Washington, D.C., strategically aligning with the America250 celebration. This timing connects Purdue’s aerospace leadership and the SpaceX team’s modern innovations with the United States’ semiquincentennial national milestone.
AirPro News analysis
At AirPro News, we view the establishment and inaugural awarding of the Neil Armstrong Space Prize as a critical milestone in how the aerospace industry recognizes technical achievement. Before the Falcon 9’s vertical landing success, orbital rockets were entirely expendable, making spaceflight prohibitively expensive and limiting the scope of commercial space operations.
The SpaceX team’s innovation proved that orbital-class rockets could be landed and flown repeatedly, fundamentally changing the business model of the global space economy. Furthermore, by awarding the prize to a specific team of five engineers rather than the entirety of SpaceX or its high-profile leadership, the prize committee is setting a vital precedent. It highlights the “behind-the-scenes” scientific and engineering minds whose rigorous technical execution actually drives human progress, ensuring that foundational engineering work receives the public prestige it warrants.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Neil Armstrong Space Prize?
Established by Purdue University in July 2025, the Neil Armstrong Space Prize is an international award designed to be the “Nobel Prize of Space.” It honors excellence over the past decade in space discovery, innovation, and human achievement.
Who won the inaugural 2026 prize?
The 2026 prize was awarded to the SpaceX Falcon 9 Booster Landing Team, specifically recognizing five engineers: Lars Blackmore, Shana Diez, Jon Edwards, Yoshiaki Kuwata, and Eduardo Velazquez.
Why was this specific team chosen?
The team was selected for their groundbreaking work in developing the Falcon 9 vertical landing capability. Their engineering achievements allowed orbital-class rocket boosters to be landed and reused (over 600 times as of April 2026), drastically lowering the cost of launching payloads into space.
Sources
Photo Credit: SpaceX
Space & Satellites
Lockheed Martin Delivers Neutron Spectrometer for Lunar Water Detection
Lockheed Martin supplies neutron spectrometer to detect lunar water ice for the 2028 LUPEX mission led by JAXA and ISRO, supporting sustained moon exploration.
This article is based on an official press release from Lockheed Martin.
As Space-Agencies worldwide prepare to establish a sustained human presence on the Moon, the search for local resources has become a top priority. To support this effort, aerospace manufacturer Lockheed Martin has delivered a new instrument designed to detect lunar water ice, a critical component for future deep-space exploration.
According to a recent company press release, Lockheed Martin’s Neutron Spectrometer System (NSS) will help upcoming missions locate and characterize near-surface materials on the Moon. Developed in partnership with NASA, the compact device is slated to fly aboard the Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX) mission, an international endeavor led by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) planned for 2028.
We understand that finding water on the Moon is essential for long-term lunar settlements. Instead of transporting heavy supplies from Earth, astronauts will need to rely on local water deposits to grow food, generate breathable air, and produce rocket fuel for further journeys to Mars.
Detecting Water Without Drilling
Locating water ice hidden in the permanently shadowed craters of the lunar South Pole requires specialized technology, as drilling into the rugged terrain presents significant mechanical challenges. The NSS, which Lockheed Martin notes is roughly the size of a desktop printer, is designed to map out water deposits by measuring cosmic ray interactions with hydrates in the lunar or planetary regolith.
When cosmic rays bombard the Moon’s surface, they knock neutrons loose from the soil. As these neutrons bounce around and escape into space, they interact with hydrogen atoms, the key indicator of water (H₂O). Because hydrogen absorbs medium-energy neutrons efficiently, a deficit in these specific neutrons signals the presence of underground ice. NASA notes that the NSS detects these variations, allowing scientists to map water concentrations without needing to drill into the surface.
“A Lockheed Martin instrument, roughly the size of a desktop printer, will help future missions locate and characterize near-surface materials that could be critical to sustaining a human presence when we get there,” the company stated in its release.
The instrument was developed jointly by NASA’s Ames Research Center and Lockheed Martin’s Advanced Technology Center (ATC) in Palo Alto, California.
Meeting the Demand for Lunar Instruments
As the cadence of lunar missions accelerates, the demand for reliable resource-mapping tools has grown. To date, Lockheed Martin has delivered five NSS instruments for various lunar expeditions.
To keep pace with this demand, the company has streamlined its Manufacturing process. According to the press release, the instruments are produced exclusively at the Palo Alto facility using a “build-to-print” approach. By building exact copies of previous matured designs rather than engineering components from scratch, the team achieves significant cost savings and schedule efficiency. This process results in a fast production timeline of approximately 12 months per unit.
In addition to the 2028 LUPEX mission, NASA plans to deploy NSS instruments on other upcoming lunar rovers, including the MoonRanger micro-rover developed by Carnegie Mellon University. Together, these missions will build a comprehensive map of the Moon’s water resources.
AirPro News analysis
The Delivery of the Neutron Spectrometer System underscores a critical shift in space exploration strategy: the move toward in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). For decades, space missions have relied entirely on resources brought from Earth, a model that is financially and logistically unsustainable for permanent lunar bases or crewed missions to Mars.
By mapping exactly where water ice is located and determining its abundance, instruments like the NSS are laying the groundwork for a specialized lunar economy. If future astronauts can reliably harvest lunar ice to synthesize rocket propellant and sustain habitats, the Moon will transition from a destination into a vital staging ground for the broader exploration of our solar system.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the LUPEX mission?
The Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX) mission is an uncrewed lunar lander and rover project led jointly by JAXA and ISRO. Planned to launch no earlier than 2028, it will explore the Moon’s South Pole to search for water and other resources.
How does the Neutron Spectrometer System find water?
The NSS detects water by measuring neutrons that are knocked loose from the lunar surface by cosmic rays. Since hydrogen (a primary component of water) absorbs medium-energy neutrons, the instrument can locate underground ice by detecting drops in the number of these escaping neutrons.
Sources
Sources: Lockheed Martin, NASA
Photo Credit: Lockheed Martin
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