Space & Satellites
Europe Launches Invictus Hypersonic Spaceplane Project for 2031
Europe’s Invictus project aims to develop a reusable Mach 5 hypersonic spaceplane by 2031, advancing space access and hypersonic technology autonomy.
In July 2025, the European Space Agency (ESA) and UK-based engineering firm Frazer-Nash announced the launch of the Invictus project, a bold initiative to develop a reusable hypersonic spaceplane capable of reaching Mach 5 by 2031. This announcement marks a significant milestone in Europe’s efforts to establish strategic autonomy in space access and hypersonic technology, sectors traditionally dominated by the United States, Russia, and China.
The Invictus project is not starting from scratch. It builds directly upon decades of research and development from Reaction Engines Limited (REL), a now-defunct British aerospace company known for its pioneering work on the SABRE engine and the Skylon spaceplane. Although REL ceased operations in 2024 due to funding constraints, its technological legacy, especially the precooler technology, lives on in Invictus. This component is essential for enabling air-breathing engines to function at hypersonic speeds by cooling incoming air from over 1,000°C to ambient temperatures in milliseconds.
As nations accelerate investments in hypersonic and reusable spaceflight capabilities, Invictus positions Europe at the forefront of a new era in aerospace innovation. The project integrates not only advanced propulsion technology but also a consortium of academic, industrial, and governmental partners, creating a multi-disciplinary platform for innovation and dual-use applications.
The Invictus project is deeply rooted in the technological groundwork laid by Reaction Engines Limited. Founded in 1989, REL aimed to revolutionize space access through the Skylon spaceplane, a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle powered by the SABRE engine. SABRE was unique in its ability to switch between air-breathing and rocket modes, thanks to an advanced precooler that could rapidly reduce the temperature of incoming air.
Despite successful test demonstrations, including a 2019 validation showing the precooler could handle airflows at Mach 5, REL struggled financially and entered administration in 2024. Nonetheless, its intellectual property and many of its engineers were absorbed into Frazer-Nash, ensuring continuity of expertise and technology for future projects like Invictus.
Invictus inherits this legacy but applies it with a more focused scope: a reusable test platform for hypersonic flight, not a full SSTO vehicle. This pragmatic approach allows for incremental development and testing of propulsion systems, materials, and flight dynamics, all within a controlled and scalable framework.
“Hypersonic flight is not just the next frontier of aerospace – it is the gateway to a new paradigm of mobility, defense, and space access.” – Tommaso Ghidini, ESA
Invictus is a €7 million ($8 million) initiative funded by ESA and led by Frazer-Nash. The consortium includes Spirit AeroSystems, Cranfield University, and several small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs). The goal is to design, build, and fly a reusable hypersonic Military-Aircraft by 2031, with a preliminary design expected within 12 months from the July 2025 announcement.
The vehicle is designed to take off horizontally from a conventional runway and reach speeds of Mach 5, five times the speed of sound, or approximately 6,174 km/h. It will be powered by hydrogen-fueled, air-breathing engines that leverage the precooler technology inherited from REL’s SABRE engine. This setup allows the aircraft to operate efficiently at high altitudes and speeds without the need for rocket Propulsion during atmospheric flight. Importantly, Invictus is built with modularity in mind. The platform will support iterative testing of new materials, Avionics, and propulsion systems, making it a valuable asset for both research and commercial applications. This flexibility is key to addressing the many challenges that come with sustained hypersonic flight, including thermal management and aerodynamic stability.
Europe’s investment in Invictus reflects a broader strategic imperative: achieving autonomy in space access and advanced aerospace technologies. Currently, European nations rely heavily on international partners for orbital launches and high-speed aerospace capabilities. Invictus aims to change that by establishing a homegrown platform for testing and development.
The global hypersonic aircraft market is projected to grow significantly over the next decade, with estimates suggesting a rise from $1.5 billion in 2024 to $2.8 billion by 2034. Military applications dominate the sector, accounting for nearly 60% of market share, but commercial interest is growing as well. Hypersonic travel promises to reduce intercontinental flight times to a matter of hours, and reusable platforms like Invictus could dramatically lower the cost of space access.
By positioning itself as a leader in hypersonic testing and development, Europe not only enhances its technological sovereignty but also opens new avenues for economic growth, defense capabilities, and international collaboration.
The official launch of Invictus at the UK Space Conference in July 2025 marked the beginning of a 12-month preliminary design phase. This period will focus on defining the vehicle’s architecture, propulsion system, and flight control mechanisms. It also includes risk assessments and planning for future testing campaigns.
ESA and Frazer-Nash have emphasized the importance of collaboration, with each consortium member bringing specialized expertise. Cranfield University, for instance, contributes research in aerodynamics and materials science, while Spirit AeroSystems focuses on structural components and Manufacturing processes.
By leveraging the lessons learned from the Skylon project and integrating them into a more focused and achievable platform, Invictus aims to avoid the pitfalls that plagued its predecessor. The emphasis is on demonstrable progress, modular upgrades, and iterative testing, all of which are essential for managing the technical and financial risks inherent in hypersonic development.
Industry leaders and government officials have expressed strong support for Invictus. Sarah Wilkes, Managing Director at Frazer-Nash, described the project as a “once-in-a-generation opportunity” to advance both space access and defense capabilities. She highlighted the consortium’s depth of expertise and commitment to innovation as key factors in the project’s potential success. Tommaso Ghidini of ESA echoed these sentiments, emphasizing that hypersonic technology is critical for future mobility and space exploration. He noted that Invictus represents a strategic investment in capabilities that will shape the aerospace landscape for decades to come.
The UK Space Agency has also endorsed the project, citing its potential to drive economic growth and strengthen national security. By building on existing technologies and fostering new Partnerships, Invictus aligns with broader policy goals around technological leadership and strategic autonomy.
Europe is not alone in pursuing hypersonic capabilities. In the United States, companies like Stratolaunch and Hermeus are developing their own platforms. Stratolaunch’s Talon-A vehicle is targeting monthly Test-Flights by 2025, while Hermeus is working on the Quarterhorse, a Mach 5-capable passenger jet.
Elsewhere, the HIFiRE program, a joint initiative between Australia and the U.S., continues to advance hypersonic research, particularly in the area of flight dynamics and propulsion integration. France has also entered the fray with its VORTEX demonstrator, announced in mid-2025 as part of a national strategy for aerospace innovation.
Against this backdrop, Invictus offers a uniquely European approach to hypersonic development. Its focus on reusability, modularity, and horizontal launch sets it apart from more conventional rocket-based systems, making it a valuable complement to existing efforts and a potential game-changer in the global aerospace arena.
The Invictus hypersonic spaceplane project represents a significant step forward for Europe’s aerospace ambitions. By building on the technological foundation laid by Reaction Engines and integrating it into a modern, collaborative framework, the project aims to deliver a reusable, high-speed test platform by 2031. The potential benefits are manifold: reduced launch costs, enhanced defense capabilities, and a stronger position in the global hypersonic market.
Looking ahead, the success of Invictus will depend on sustained investment, technical innovation, and effective collaboration among stakeholders. If these elements align, Europe could not only catch up to but potentially lead in the emerging domain of hypersonic and reusable spaceflight technologies.
What is the goal of the Invictus project? Who is leading the Invictus project? What technology is Invictus based on? How does Invictus differ from traditional rockets? When is the first flight expected? Sources:
Europe’s Invictus Hypersonic Space Plane: A Strategic Leap Toward the Edge of Space
Technological Foundations and Legacy
From Skylon to Invictus: A Continuum of Innovation
Technical Specifications and Project Scope
Strategic Objectives and Market Context
Recent Developments and Industry Response
July 2025 Announcement and Design Phase
Expert Opinions and Industry Support
Global Landscape and Competitive Projects
Conclusion
FAQ
To develop a reusable hypersonic spaceplane capable of reaching Mach 5 by 2031, leveraging advanced air-breathing propulsion systems.
The project is led by Frazer-Nash and funded by the European Space Agency, with contributions from Spirit AeroSystems, Cranfield University, and several SMEs.
Invictus uses precooler technology originally developed by Reaction Engines Limited for the SABRE engine, enabling hypersonic air-breathing propulsion.
Unlike vertical-launch rockets, Invictus is designed for horizontal takeoff and reusability, making it more flexible and potentially cost-effective for repeated missions.
The first flight is targeted for early 2031, following a 12-month preliminary design phase initiated in July 2025.
Aerospace Testing International,
Frazer-Nash,
ESA,
UK Defence Journal,
Wikipedia: Skylon,
Orbital Today,
Lorendb.dev,
Wikipedia: Reaction Engines,
Space.com,
Market.us,
Global Aero,
Spherical Insights,
MarketsandMarkets,
Space.com
Photo Credit: European Space Agency
Space & Satellites
Sodern Opens First US Facility in Colorado for Star Tracker Production
Sodern launches its first US industrial subsidiary in Colorado, producing Auriga™ star trackers and expanding in the US aerospace market.
This article is based on an official press release from Sodern.
Sodern, a prominent French manufacturer of space equipment and a subsidiary of ArianeGroup, has officially inaugurated its first United States industrial subsidiary, Sodern America. Located in Englewood, Colorado, the new facility marks a significant strategic expansion for the European aerospace giant, representing ArianeGroup’s first industrial installation on American soil.
According to the company’s announcement, the opening of Sodern America is designed to bring the manufacturer closer to its U.S. client base and navigate domestic regulatory requirements. The move positions Sodern to compete directly with established American firms in the defense and commercial space sectors by establishing a local supply chain and production capability.
The new subsidiary is situated in the Denver metropolitan area, a region widely recognized as a major hub for the U.S. aerospace industry. The facility spans approximately 14,000 square feet (1,300 square meters) and is equipped to handle manufacturing, testing, and commercial support.
In its official statement, Sodern outlined the specific operational capabilities of the Englewood site:
By establishing this physical presence, Sodern aims to address the “dynamic and demanding” nature of the U.S. market, ensuring that critical components are available with shorter supply-chains than those requiring import from Europe.
To lead the new subsidiary, Sodern has appointed Tiphaine Louradour as the CEO of Sodern America. Louradour brings over 25 years of experience in the space industry, having held significant leadership roles at major U.S. aerospace organizations.
According to biographical details released in conjunction with the announcement, Louradour’s background includes serving as CEO of Spaceflight Inc., President of International Launch Services (ILS), and President of Global Commercial Sales at United Launch Alliance (ULA). Her appointment signals Sodern’s intent to leverage deep ties within the U.S. space industrial base to secure new contracts.
A primary driver for this expansion, as noted in the company’s strategic rationale, is compliance with U.S. regulatory frameworks. Foreign entities often face barriers when bidding for U.S. government defense and civil space contracts due to strict domestic content requirements, often referred to as “Buy American” mandates. By manufacturing the Auriga™ star tracker and conducting testing in Colorado, Sodern America intends to qualify for sensitive programs that are typically restricted to U.S. entities. This local status allows the company to bypass previous regulatory hurdles and compete on equal footing with domestic manufacturers.
The entry of Sodern America into the Colorado aerospace cluster places it in direct proximity to some of its fiercest competitors. The Denver area is home to Blue Canyon Technologies (a subsidiary of RTX), which is a market leader in small satellite components and star trackers. Additionally, Ball Aerospace (now part of BAE Systems Space & Mission Systems) and Honeywell Aerospace maintain significant operations in the region.
Sodern is already a supplier for major U.S. stakeholders, including NASA, providing instruments for the InSight Mars mission and the Europa Clipper, and the OneWeb constellation. However, establishing a manufacturing foothold suggests a shift from being an exporter to becoming an embedded part of the U.S. supply chain. This move is likely to intensify competition in the optical sensors market, particularly as satellite constellations continue to scale.
What is Sodern America? Where is the new facility located? What will be manufactured at the new site? Who is the CEO of Sodern America? Why did Sodern open a U.S. factory?
Facility Capabilities and Strategic Location
Leadership and Market Objectives
Navigating “Buy American” Regulations
AirPro News Analysis: The Competitive Landscape
Frequently Asked Questions
Sodern America is the new U.S. subsidiary of the French space equipment manufacturer Sodern. It is the company’s first industrial facility in the United States.
The facility is located in Englewood, Colorado, within the Denver metropolitan area.
The site will feature a production line for Auriga™ star trackers and testing facilities for Hydra™ star trackers.
Tiphaine Louradour, a veteran aerospace executive with previous leadership roles at Spaceflight Inc. and ULA, has been appointed as CEO.
The expansion aims to bypass “Buy American” regulatory hurdles, shorten supply chains for U.S. clients, and allow the company to bid on U.S. government defense contracts.Sources
Photo Credit: Sodern
Space & Satellites
Isar Aerospace Opens Acceptance Test Facility at Esrange Space Center
Isar Aerospace launches a new test site at Esrange, Sweden, to support industrial-scale production of Spectrum rocket ahead of March 2026 flight.
This article is based on an official press release from Isar Aerospace.
Isar Aerospace has officially inaugurated a new acceptance test facility at the Esrange Space Center in Kiruna, Sweden. Announced on February 4, 2026, the opening marks a significant transition for the Munich-based launch provider as it shifts focus from prototype development to the industrial-scale production of its Spectrum launch vehicle.
The new site is purpose-built to verify the flight readiness of manufactured hardware, a critical step in ensuring high-cadence Launch operations. According to the company, the facility is designed to test over 30 Aquila engines per month, alongside fully integrated rocket stages. This infrastructure expansion comes just weeks before Isar Aerospace attempts its second Test-Flights, mission “Onward and Upward,” scheduled to First-Flight from Andøya Spaceport in Norway in March 2026.
Unlike development testing, which focuses on validating design concepts, acceptance testing is the final quality control step before hardware is shipped to the launch pad. Isar Aerospace stated in their press release that the new facility is specifically engineered to remove production bottlenecks. By securing dedicated infrastructure for acceptance testing, the company aims to ensure that every engine and stage coming off the assembly line is immediately qualified for flight.
The facility operates alongside Isar’s existing vertical test stand (VTS-2) at Esrange, which has been utilized for development testing since 2019. The addition of the new site allows for parallel operations: R&D can continue on the vertical stand while the new facility handles the volume required for serial production.
“Scaling reliable access to space requires not only advanced launch vehicle design but also the right infrastructure to support rapid development and production. With our second test facility at Esrange, we are unlocking new capabilities and accelerating our progress.”
, Daniel Metzler, CEO & Co-Founder, Isar Aerospace
The new infrastructure significantly increases the company’s throughput. Isar Aerospace reports that the site is equipped to handle the acceptance testing of more than 30 Aquila engines monthly. Furthermore, the site supports integrated stage testing, allowing engineers to verify the entire rocket stage as a cohesive unit before it leaves Sweden.
The opening of this facility highlights the intensifying race among European launch Startups to provide sovereign access to space. Isar Aerospace is competing with peers such as Rocket Factory Augsburg (RFA) and Orbex to fill the gap in Europe’s launch market. By vertically integrating its testing capabilities, Isar Aerospace reduces reliance on shared facilities, potentially giving it an advantage in scheduling and launch cadence. Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), which operates Esrange, emphasized the importance of this Partnerships for the broader European ecosystem.
“This new facility strengthens Europe’s path toward scalable and reliable access to space… Together, we are building the infrastructure that will enable a new generation of launch services.”
, Mats Tyni, Director of Business Development, SSC
The distinction between “development” and “acceptance” testing is often overlooked, yet it is the primary hurdle for launch companies moving from a single successful flight to a commercial service. In our view, Isar Aerospace’s Investments in a high-volume acceptance facility signals confidence in their hardware design. It suggests the company believes the Aquila engine design is mature enough to freeze for mass production. If the upcoming March 2026 flight is successful, this infrastructure will be the key enabler that allows them to fulfill their backlog without the testing bottlenecks that have historically plagued the industry.
The facility inauguration serves as a prelude to Isar Aerospace’s next major milestone. The company confirmed that its second test flight, dubbed “Onward and Upward,” is targeted for a launch window in March 2026. This mission will utilize the Spectrum vehicle, a two-stage rocket designed to carry up to 1,000 kg to Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
The Spectrum vehicle relies on the Aquila engines tested at Esrange, which utilize Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Propane. Following a flight termination during the first test launch in March 2025, the company has conducted extensive hot-fire tests to validate system corrections. The new acceptance facility will likely play a central role in qualifying engines for vehicles 3 through 7, which are currently planned for concurrent production.
Industrializing Launch Capabilities
Capacity and Specs
Strategic Context: The Race for European Sovereignty
AirPro News Analysis
Upcoming Mission: “Onward and Upward”
Sources
Photo Credit: Isar Aerospace
Space & Satellites
SpaceX Crew-12 Arrives in Florida for February ISS Launch
Crew-12 astronauts from NASA, ESA, and Roscosmos arrive at Kennedy Space Center ahead of their February 11 launch to the ISS aboard SpaceX Crew Dragon.
This article is based on an official press release from NASA and additional mission data from ESA and Roscosmos.
The four-member crew of the SpaceX Crew-12 mission arrived at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida on Friday, February 6, 2026, marking the final operational milestone before their scheduled Launch to the International Space Station (ISS). Flying in from the Johnson Space Center in Houston, the international team of astronauts landed at the Launch and Landing Facility to commence final preparations and mandatory quarantine protocols.
According to NASA, the mission is targeted to lift off on Wednesday, February 11, 2026, at 6:01 a.m. EST. The crew will ride aboard the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft named Freedom, propelled by a Falcon 9 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. This flight represents a continuation of the Commercial Crew Program’s efforts to maintain a continuous human presence in low-Earth orbit.
The arrival of Crew-12 is operationally critical for the ISS, which has recently functioned with a reduced staff due to schedule shifts and medical evaluations. The successful docking of Crew-12, targeted for approximately 10:30 a.m. EST on February 12, will restore the orbiting laboratory to its full complement of seven astronauts, stabilizing maintenance rosters and scientific output for Expeditions 74 and 75.
The Crew-12 mission brings together representatives from three major Space-Agencies: NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and Roscosmos. The mission duration is expected to last approximately nine months, during which the crew will conduct hundreds of scientific experiments and technology demonstrations.
In an official statement regarding the mission’s scope, NASA noted:
“Crew-12 will conduct scientific investigations and technology demonstrations to help prepare humans for future exploration missions to the Moon and Mars, as well as benefit people on Earth.”
Following the launch on February 11, the crew will execute a 28-hour rendezvous profile before docking with the ISS. Once aboard, they will overlap briefly with the departing crew before settling into a long-duration stay focused on deep space biology, material science, and Earth observation.
The manifest for Crew-12 features a blend of veteran leadership and rookie talent, including two American astronauts, one French astronaut, and one Russian cosmonaut. Leading the mission is veteran astronaut Jessica Meir. Meir previously served on Expedition 61/62 in 2019 and 2020, where she gained global recognition for participating in the first all-female spacewalk alongside Christina Koch. A dual American-Swedish citizen, Meir holds a Doctorate in Marine Biology from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Her scientific background includes extensive research on animal physiology in extreme environments, such as emperor penguins in Antarctica. As Mission Commander, she is responsible for all phases of flight, from launch to re-entry.
Seated alongside Meir is mission pilot Jack Hathaway, making his first trip to space. Selected as a NASA astronaut candidate in 2021, Hathaway brings extensive aviation experience as a Commander in the U.S. Navy. He is a distinguished graduate of the Empire Test Pilots’ School and has logged over 2,500 flight hours in more than 30 types of aircraft. His role on Crew-12 involves monitoring vehicle systems and performance during the dynamic phases of flight.
Representing the European Space Agency is Mission Specialist Sophie Adenot. A Lieutenant Colonel in the French Air and Space Force and a helicopter test pilot, Adenot was selected as an ESA astronaut in 2022. She becomes the second French woman to fly to space, following Claudie Haigneré’s mission in 1996. Adenot’s individual mission is designated “Epsilon.”
Commenting on the significance of her role, Adenot stated:
“With this Epsilon mission, France and Europe are contributing to a global endeavor. Space exploration connects science, economy, technology, education, and diplomacy.”
Rounding out the crew is Roscosmos cosmonaut Andrey Fedyaev. This flight marks his second journey to the ISS, having previously flown on the SpaceX Crew-6 mission from March to September 2023. Fedyaev’s inclusion in the crew is notable for making him the first Russian cosmonaut to fly twice on a SpaceX Dragon vehicle. He is tasked with monitoring launch and re-entry phases and managing cargo operations aboard the station.
Upon their arrival in Florida, the crew immediately entered the Neil A. Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building to begin the standard pre-flight quarantine. This health stabilization protocol, a legacy of the Apollo era, is designed to ensure that no viral or bacterial illnesses are transported to the closed environment of the ISS.
The composition of Crew-12 underwent a significant adjustment late in the training flow. In December 2025, Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Artemyev was removed from the manifest and replaced by Andrey Fedyaev. While Roscosmos officially cited a “transition to other work” as the reason for the swap, industry reports have suggested the change may have been influenced by internal Regulations. Fedyaev’s previous experience on the Crew-6 mission allowed him to step into the role with a compressed training timeline, ensuring the mission schedule remained on track.
The integration of Andrey Fedyaev into Crew-12 highlights the increasing maturity and interoperability of the Commercial Crew Program. In previous eras of spaceflight, a crew change less than three months before launch could have resulted in significant delays. However, the standardization of the SpaceX Crew Dragon platform allows veteran flyers like Fedyaev to retain currency and step into rotation with reduced lead time. Furthermore, the launch of Crew-12 is pivotal for ISS operations. The station has faced a period of flux regarding crew numbers, and the return to a seven-person staff is essential for clearing the backlog of maintenance tasks and maximizing the scientific return of the orbiting laboratory before the transition to commercial space stations begins later in the decade.
Sources:
Crew-12 Astronauts Touch Down in Florida Ahead of February 11 Launch
Mission Profile and Timeline
Meet the Crew-12 Astronauts
Commander Jessica Meir (NASA)
Pilot Jack Hathaway (NASA)
Mission Specialist Sophie Adenot (ESA)
Mission Specialist Andrey Fedyaev (Roscosmos)
Operational Context and Late Adjustments
Late Crew Change
AirPro News Analysis
Photo Credit: NASA
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