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FCC Grants Partial Approval for SpaceX Gen2 Starlink Upgrade

The FCC approves SpaceX’s Gen2 Starlink satellites in Very Low Earth Orbit and Direct-to-Cell service, enabling lower latency and smartphone connectivity.

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This article is based on an official document from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

FCC Grants Partial Approval for SpaceX Gen2 Starlink Upgrade and Direct-to-Cell Service

On January 9, 2026, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a significant regulatory order granting a “Partial Grant” for SpaceX’s second-generation (Gen2) Starlink satellite constellation. This approval marks a pivotal moment in the commercial space industry, formally authorizing the deployment of a new shell of satellites in Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) and greenlighting the commercial operation of Direct-to-Cell capabilities.

The decision allows SpaceX to proceed with critical upgrades to its Starlink network, which aims to reduce latency and expand capacity to meet growing global demand. By approving the modification application, the FCC has cleared the path for satellites that act as “cell towers in space,” enabling direct connectivity to unmodified smartphones, a feature developed in partnership with terrestrial carriers like T-Mobile.

While SpaceX’s original application sought authority for a total of 29,988 Gen2 satellites, this specific order authorizes a strategic subset of operations, continuing the Commission’s practice of approving massive constellations in phases to monitor compliance with orbital debris and spectrum interference rules.

Key Components of the Approval

The FCC’s order addresses several technical modifications that SpaceX requested to enhance the performance and sustainability of the Starlink network. The approval focuses on two primary technological advancements: the utilization of VLEO and the integration of mobile-satellite service (MSS) frequencies.

Authorization of VLEO Shell

A central element of the approval is the authorization for SpaceX to deploy satellites in a Very Low Earth Orbit, specifically between 300 km and 360 km in altitude. This is significantly lower than the standard Starlink orbit of approximately 550 km. Operating at this lower altitude offers distinct physical advantages, primarily the reduction of signal travel time, which lowers latency for end-users.

Furthermore, the VLEO shell is touted as a safety feature regarding orbital debris. At these lower altitudes, atmospheric drag is much stronger. If a satellite malfunctions and loses propulsion, it will naturally de-orbit and burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere within weeks or months, rather than the years it might take at higher altitudes. This “self-cleaning” characteristic was a key factor in the FCC’s assessment of orbital safety.

Direct-to-Cell Commercialization

The order also formalizes the authority for SpaceX to operate Direct-to-Cell payloads. This technology utilizes specific bands, including Ku-, Ka-, and E-bands, alongside partner-specific MSS frequencies, to connect directly with standard LTE and 5G smartphones. This capability is designed to eliminate “dead zones” in remote areas where constructing terrestrial cell towers is economically unfeasible.

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“Our action will allow SpaceX to begin deployment of Gen2 Starlink… helping to close the digital divide on a global scale.”

— Federal Communications Commission (Statement from related orders)

Strategic Context and Market Implications

The approval arrives as the race for dominance in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) intensifies. With rival constellations such as China’s Guowang network in development, U.S. regulators are under pressure to facilitate the rapid expansion of domestic commercial space capabilities while managing the increasingly crowded orbital environment.

AirPro News Analysis: The Sovereign-Commercial Nexus

The FCC’s decision to grant this partial approval reflects a broader trend we identify as the “sovereign-commercial nexus,” where commercial satellite networks are increasingly viewed as critical national infrastructure. By authorizing the VLEO shell, the FCC is not merely approving a business plan; it is securing U.S. leadership in next-generation connectivity.

The shift to VLEO is particularly strategic. Beyond the latency benefits for consumer applications like gaming and video conferencing, the lower orbit allows for tighter beam focus, which improves spectral efficiency. This efficiency is vital as spectrum becomes a scarce resource. Furthermore, the Direct-to-Cell capability integrates satellite resilience into terrestrial networks, providing a backup layer for emergency communications that is independent of ground infrastructure.

Regulatory Opposition and Interference Concerns

The path to this approval was not without significant opposition. Competitors and industry advocacy groups filed petitions to deny or condition the grant, citing concerns over radio frequency interference and orbital congestion.

Major industry players, including Viasat and DISH Network (EchoStar), raised objections regarding the potential for the new Gen2 satellites to disrupt their existing services. Viasat, in particular, argued that the sheer volume of satellites proposed by SpaceX would create an unmanageable interference environment.

“The proposed operations would generate insurmountable interference risks for other spectrum users… and foreclose competition.”

— Viasat (Petition to Deny)

The FCC’s order acknowledges these concerns but ultimately determined that the imposed conditions and SpaceX’s technical demonstrations were sufficient to mitigate harmful interference. The “Partial Grant” approach allows the Commission to retain regulatory oversight, releasing authority in tranches to ensure that SpaceX adheres to strict reporting requirements regarding satellite health and collision avoidance maneuvers.

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Additionally, the astronomy community has continued to voice concerns regarding the brightness of satellite constellations interfering with optical and radio telescopes. In response, the approval reiterates requirements for SpaceX to implement advanced darkening coatings and chassis designs to minimize light reflection.

Timeline of Recent Events

  • December 1, 2022: FCC grants initial partial approval for 7,500 Gen2 satellites.
  • December 5, 2025: FCC Space Bureau accepts SpaceX’s modification application for a 15,000-satellite VLEO shell for filing.
  • January 4, 2026: Reports emerge regarding the imminent approval of Starlink Direct-to-Cell service.
  • January 9, 2026: FCC issues formal Partial Grant for the Gen2 Upgrade, authorizing VLEO operations and Direct-to-Cell payloads.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the benefit of the new VLEO satellites?

Satellites in Very Low Earth Orbit (300–360 km) are closer to the ground than standard satellites. This proximity reduces the time it takes for data to travel back and forth (latency) and ensures that defunct satellites de-orbit rapidly, reducing space debris risks.

Will I need a new phone for Direct-to-Cell service?

No. The Direct-to-Cell service is designed to work with existing LTE and 5G smartphones. It utilizes terrestrial spectrum provided by partner carriers (such as T-Mobile in the U.S.), allowing phones to connect to satellites as if they were standard cell towers.

Does this approval cover all 30,000 proposed satellites?

No. This is a “Partial Grant.” While SpaceX has requested authority for nearly 30,000 Gen2 satellites, the FCC typically approves these large constellations in batches (tranches) to ensure safety and compliance standards are met before full deployment.

Sources: Federal Communications Commission

Photo Credit: SpaceX

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Space & Satellites

Aegis Aerospace and United Semiconductors Launch $10M In-Space Manufacturing Project

Aegis Aerospace and United Semiconductors partner on the AMMP to produce advanced semiconductor materials in Low Earth Orbit with $10M funding from Texas.

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This article is based on an official press release from Aegis Aerospace and United Semiconductors.

Aegis Aerospace and United Semiconductors Announce $10M Partnership for In-Space Manufacturing

Aegis Aerospace Inc. and United Semiconductors LLC have officially announced a strategic Partnerships to develop and launch the Advanced Materials Manufacturing Platform (AMMP). Billed by the companies as the “World’s First In-Space Advanced Materials Manufacturing Facility,” this initiative aims to establish a persistent commercial capability for producing high-quality semiconductor materials in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).

According to the announcement released on January 6, 2026, the project is supported by a grant of up to $10 million from the Texas Space Commission (TSC). The Investments, awarded through the Space Exploration and Aeronautics Research Fund (SEARF), is designated to cover the design, development, and flight-readiness of the platform over a two-year timeline.

The Advanced Materials Manufacturing Platform (AMMP)

The core of this partnership is the development of the AMMP, a facility designed to leverage the unique environment of space for industrial production. The collaboration divides responsibilities based on each company’s established expertise in the aerospace and technology sectors.

“Aegis Aerospace Inc., a leader in space and defense technology, has announced a groundbreaking partnership with United Semiconductors LLC to pioneer semiconductor manufacturing in space.”

, Official Press Announcement

Roles and Responsibilities

Aegis Aerospace will serve as the infrastructure provider. The company is tasked with building and operating the AMMP, managing mission logistics, and overseeing orbital operations. Aegis brings significant heritage to the project as the operator of the MISSE (Materials International Space Station Experiment) flight facility, which currently tests materials on the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS).

United Semiconductors will act as the Manufacturing expert, providing proprietary technology for growing semiconductor crystals. The company specializes in III-V binary and ternary semiconductor compounds, materials critical for high-performance electronics, and has previously conducted successful crystal-growth experiments on the ISS.

Funding and Timeline

The $10 million grant from the Texas Space-Agencies underscores the state’s investment in the commercial space economy. The project timeline outlines a development phase spanning 2025 and 2026, with systems acceptance reviews targeted for mid-2027. The funding is specifically allocated to ensure the AMMP reaches flight-readiness within this window.

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The Science of In-Space Production

The primary driver behind the AMMP is the physical advantage of manufacturing in microgravity. On Earth, gravity-induced convection currents in molten materials can introduce defects into crystal structures. In the microgravity environment of LEO, these currents are absent, theoretically allowing for the growth of larger, more uniform, and defect-free crystals.

Target Materials

The partnership is specifically focused on III-V materials, such as Gallium Arsenide and Indium Phosphide. These compounds are distinct from standard silicon and are essential for advanced applications, including:

  • High-frequency 5G and 6G communications.
  • Advanced sensors for aerospace and defense.
  • High-efficiency power electronics.

While the cost of launching mass to orbit is high, the significant value per kilogram of these advanced crystals makes them a viable candidate for economically sustainable in-space manufacturing.

AirPro News Analysis

The claim of developing the “World’s First In-Space Advanced Materials Manufacturing Facility” places Aegis and United Semiconductors in a competitive and rapidly evolving market. While other entities, such as Varda Space Industries and Space Forge, are developing return capsules and free-flying satellites for similar purposes, the AMMP appears to distinguish itself as a persistent platform.

By leveraging Aegis’s experience with the MISSE platform, the AMMP is likely designed to operate as a dedicated, long-term facility attached to a station (such as the ISS or a future commercial station), rather than a single-use return vehicle. This approach could allow for continuous manufacturing cycles, positioning Texas as a central hub for the supply chain of critical orbital materials.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the AMMP?
The Advanced Materials Manufacturing Platform is a planned facility for producing semiconductor materials in Low Earth Orbit, developed jointly by Aegis Aerospace and United Semiconductors.
Why manufacture semiconductors in space?
The lack of gravity in space eliminates convection currents during the crystal growth process, resulting in materials with fewer defects and higher performance than those produced on Earth.
Who is funding the project?
The project has received a grant of up to $10 million from the Texas Space Commission’s Space Exploration and Aeronautics Research Fund (SEARF).

Sources

Photo Credit: Aegis Aerospace

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Space & Satellites

NASA and SpaceX Schedule Early Return of Crew-11 from ISS

NASA and SpaceX target January 14, 2026, for Crew-11’s early return from the ISS due to a medical concern, marking the first medical evacuation in ISS history.

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This article is based on an official press release.

NASA and SpaceX Target Jan. 14 for Historic Crew-11 Medical Return

NASA and SpaceX have officially set a target date for the return of the Crew-11 mission, marking a significant and historic moment for operations aboard the International Space Station (ISS). According to the agency, the four-person crew is scheduled to undock no earlier than 5 p.m. EST on Wednesday, January 14, 2026, pending favorable weather conditions.

The early return is necessitated by a medical concern involving one of the crew members. While NASA has confirmed the individual is in stable condition, the agency has opted to bring the crew home approximately one month ahead of their original schedule. This event marks the first time in the 25-year history of the ISS that a mission has been cut short specifically to facilitate a medical evacuation.

Mission Timeline and Logistics

The SpaceX Dragon capsule Endeavour is currently docked at the ISS, awaiting departure. If the schedule holds, the timeline for the return operation is as follows:

  • Target Undocking: Wednesday, Jan. 14, 2026, at 5:00 p.m. EST.
  • Target Splashdown: Thursday, Jan. 15, 2026, at approximately 3:40 a.m. EST.
  • Recovery Location: Pacific Ocean, off the coast of California.

The crew launched on August 1, 2025, and upon splashdown, they will have spent approximately 167 days in orbit. The decision to return early truncates a mission originally slated to conclude in February or March.

Weather Constraints

NASA officials emphasized that the schedule remains “pending weather conditions.” Strict safety criteria govern the splashdown of the Dragon capsule. Recovery teams require wind speeds to be less than 10 mph (approximately 8.7 knots) and specific wave height limits to ensure the structural integrity of the heat shield and the safety of the recovery personnel. Additionally, the recovery zone must be free of rain, lightning, or thunderstorms to allow for safe helicopter operations.

Medical Context and Crew Details

The returning Crew-11 team consists of four astronauts representing three international space agencies:

  • Zena Cardman (NASA): Mission Commander.
  • Mike Fincke (NASA): Pilot and veteran of four spaceflights.
  • Kimiya Yui (JAXA): Mission Specialist.
  • Oleg Platonov (Roscosmos): Mission Specialist.

NASA has maintained strict confidentiality regarding the specific medical issue, citing privacy policies aligned with HIPAA principles. However, the agency has been clear that this is a “precautionary” measure rather than an immediate emergency evacuation. The affected crew member is stable, but flight surgeons determined that returning to Earth for advanced medical care was the prudent course of action.

“NASA and SpaceX are targeting no earlier than 5 p.m. EST, Wednesday, Jan. 14, for the undocking… pending weather conditions.”

, NASA Official Statement

Prior to this development, the crew had been preparing for a spacewalk scheduled for January 8 to install solar array hardware. That operation was cancelled on January 7 as the medical concern emerged.

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Impact on Station Operations

The departure of Crew-11 will leave the ISS with a significantly reduced staff until the arrival of Crew-12, which is not scheduled until mid-February. Following the undocking, only three crew members will remain on board:

  • Chris Williams (NASA)
  • Sergey Kud-Sverchkov (Roscosmos)
  • Sergei Mikayev (Roscosmos)

With the station operating on a skeleton crew, U.S.-led spacewalks are effectively suspended, as these operations typically require more support personnel than will be available. The remaining trio is expected to prioritize essential station maintenance over new scientific experiments during this interim period.

AirPro News Analysis

While the medical evacuation presents a logistical challenge, it also serves as a critical validation of NASA’s contingency protocols. As the agency prepares for the Artemis missions to the Moon and future expeditions to Mars, the ability to execute a rapid, unplanned return is a vital capability.

This event acts as a real-world “stress test” for deep-space exploration medical protocols. Unlike the ISS, where a return to Earth can be executed in under 24 hours, a mission to Mars would not offer such an option. Data gathered from this evacuation will likely influence the design of future medical kits and telemedicine procedures for missions where immediate return is impossible.


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Photo Credit: NASA

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Elon Musk Targets 10,000 Starships Annual Production at SpaceX

Elon Musk sets a goal for SpaceX to produce 10,000 Starships per year, exceeding current aerospace manufacturing rates to support Mars colonization.

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This article summarizes reporting by Yahoo Finance and Badar Shaikh.

Elon Musk Targets Annual Production of 10,000 Starships

SpaceX CEO Elon Musk has outlined a production goal for the Starship rocket that would dwarf the output of the world’s largest commercial aircraft manufacturers. According to reporting by Yahoo Finance, Musk confirmed on the social media platform X (formerly Twitter) that the company aims to manufacture Starships at a scale previously unseen in the aerospace industry.

The statement, made on January 4, 2026, came in response to a discussion regarding SpaceX’s potential to ramp up manufacturing to levels comparable to commercial aviation. Musk’s response suggested that the company is targeting a future where rockets are built with the frequency of jetliners.

The “Massive Volume” Objective

In the exchange on X, Musk engaged with a hypothesis suggesting SpaceX could eventually mirror the production rates of major aircraft manufacturers. As reported by Yahoo Finance, Musk validated this theory, indicating that the long-term strategy involves “massive volume.”

“Yes, at massive volume. Maybe as high as 10,000 ships per year.”

, Elon Musk, via X (as reported by Yahoo Finance)

This figure represents a significant escalation in SpaceX’s public targets. While Musk has previously discussed building a fleet of 1,000 Starships to facilitate Mars colonization, the specific mention of annual production at the 10,000-unit mark implies a continuous Manufacturing engine rather than a static fleet buildup.

AirPro News Analysis: Contextualizing the Numbers

To understand the scale of Musk’s 10,000-unit target, it is necessary to look at current aerospace benchmarks. For context, the global commercial aviation industry, led by Boeing and Airbus, produces significantly fewer units annually.

Data regarding aircraft production rates in 2024 and 2025 indicates that the Boeing 737 program targets approximately 450 to 600 aircraft per year. Similarly, the Airbus A320 family generally sees production rates between 600 and 900 units annually. Musk’s target of 10,000 rockets per year would effectively require a production rate 10 to 15 times higher than the combined output of the world’s two most prolific commercial jet programs.

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Furthermore, the supply chain implications are immense. A full Starship stack, comprising the Super Heavy booster and the Ship, utilizes approximately 39 Raptor engines. Achieving an annual output of 10,000 ships would theoretically demand the production of nearly 390,000 rocket engines per year, a figure that exceeds current global jet engine production capabilities.

Mars Colonization as the Driver

The primary motivation behind this extreme production target appears to be the logistical requirements of establishing a self-sustaining city on Mars. Musk has frequently cited a goal of transporting one million tons of cargo and personnel to the Red Planet to ensure the colony’s survival.

Because the orbital alignment between Earth and Mars allows for efficient travel only once every 26 months, a massive fleet must be ready to launch in rapid succession during these narrow windows. A production rate of 10,000 units annually suggests a strategy that accounts for rapid fleet expansion, high attrition rates, or the potential use of Starship hulls as raw construction materials upon arrival at Mars.

Infrastructure and Feasibility

While the ambition is clear, the logistical hurdles remain substantial. Current environmental assessments and launch licenses, such as those for the Starbase facility in Texas, limit launch frequency to a fraction of this target. Scaling to 10,000 annual units would likely require:

  • Global Manufacturing Hubs: Expansion beyond the current “Starfactory” to multiple gigafactory-style facilities.
  • Fuel Production: A single Starship launch consumes over 1,000 tons of propellant. Launching thousands of times per year would require propellant production infrastructure on the scale of national energy grids.
  • Launch Platforms: To mitigate noise and safety concerns, such a high cadence would likely necessitate a vast network of offshore launch platforms.

FAQ

What is the current production rate of Starship?

As of early 2026, SpaceX produces Starship prototypes at a rate of approximately one every two to three weeks, or roughly 20 per year.

Why does SpaceX need 10,000 Starships?

Elon Musk has stated that a self-sustaining city on Mars requires transporting one million tons of cargo. Achieving this within a reasonable timeframe requires a massive fleet launching during the brief Earth-Mars transfer windows that occur every 26 months.

Is 10,000 rockets per year realistic compared to airplanes?

Currently, no aerospace manufacturer produces complex vehicles at that volume. For comparison, the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 programs combined produce fewer than 1,500 aircraft per year.

Sources: Yahoo Finance

Photo Credit: SpaceX

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