Space & Satellites
SpaceX Super Heavy Booster Achieves New Multi Engine Landing Test
SpaceX’s Super Heavy booster successfully demonstrated a new multi-engine landing burn, advancing reusable rocket technology and lowering launch costs.
SpaceX Super Heavy Booster: A New Era in Reusable Rockets
SpaceX’s relentless pursuit of rocket reusability reached a new milestone with the recent hover and landing test of its Super Heavy booster. On October 13, 2025, cheers erupted at SpaceX’s Starbase facility in Texas as the Super Heavy booster executed a controlled hover and splashdown over the Gulf of America. This event was more than a spectacle, it was a pivotal step in the evolution of fully reusable launch vehicles, a goal that stands to transform the economics and logistics of space travel.
The significance of this test lies not only in its technical achievement but also in its implications for the future of orbital transport. The Starship system, comprising the Super Heavy booster and the Starship upper stage, is designed to be the world’s first fully reusable rocket. The ability to retrieve and reuse both stages is expected to drastically reduce launch costs and increase mission cadence, opening new possibilities for scientific, commercial, and exploratory missions beyond Earth.
SpaceX’s 11th test flight of the Starship system was particularly notable for its demonstration of a new landing strategy, as well as the transition to next-generation technologies. This article explores the details of this milestone event, the engineering challenges overcome, and what it means for the future of spaceflight.
Engineering the Super Heavy Hover Test
Test Objectives and Execution
The October 13, 2025, test was the 11th flight of the Starship system, with the primary objective of validating a new landing burn sequence for the Super Heavy booster. The test began with a launch from SpaceX’s Starbase in Texas, marking a critical moment in the ongoing campaign to develop fully reusable rockets. The Super Heavy booster, which had already flown in a previous mission, was tasked with demonstrating a controlled descent and splashdown using a revised multi-engine landing strategy.
Upon re-entry, the booster initiated its landing burn with the ignition of 13 Raptor engines. This high-thrust phase was designed to decelerate the massive vehicle and align it for the final approach. As the booster neared the surface, the engine count was reduced to five for the so-called “divert phase”, a maneuver intended to fine-tune the trajectory and enhance control. This five-engine configuration represented an increase in redundancy compared to earlier tests, which had relied on just three engines for landing burns.
In the final moments, the booster transitioned to its three central engines and performed a hover over the Gulf of America. This controlled hover, followed by a splashdown, demonstrated the precision and reliability of the new landing sequence. Meanwhile, the Starship upper stage completed its own set of objectives, including deploying satellite simulators and conducting a successful engine reignition in space before splashing down in the Indian Ocean.
“The use of five engines for the divert phase provides additional redundancy, offering a safety margin in the event of an engine shutdown during landing.”
Technical Innovations and Redundancy
The hover test showcased several technical innovations that are central to SpaceX’s reusability ambitions. The multi-engine landing burn, in particular, is a departure from previous strategies that relied on fewer engines. By starting with 13 engines and tapering down to five, the system gains both power and resilience. This is especially important for vehicles as large and heavy as Super Heavy, where any loss of thrust could compromise the landing.
The increased engine count during the critical “divert phase” is designed to mitigate risks associated with engine failures. In earlier tests, a three-engine landing sequence left little room for error. The new approach, validated in this test, is expected to become the baseline for future missions, including those involving the next-generation “V3” Starship.
Beyond the booster, the upper stage’s performance was also notable. The deployment of eight Starlink satellite simulators, a successful in-space Raptor engine reignition, and a dynamic banking maneuver during reentry all contributed valuable data for future operational flights. Each of these achievements reflects SpaceX’s iterative approach to development, where incremental improvements are tested and validated in flight.
SpaceX’s willingness to reuse hardware was also on display. The Super Heavy booster used in this test had previously flown in the 8th Starship test flight, underscoring the company’s commitment to rapid reusability and cost reduction.
Mission Outcomes and Next Steps
The successful hover and splashdown of the Super Heavy booster marked a major accomplishment in SpaceX’s test campaign. The 11th flight built on the lessons learned from earlier missions, including the 10th test in August 2025, which featured the successful deployment of a test payload and an in-space engine relight.
This flight also marked the end of an era, as it was the final mission for the second-generation Starship rocket. With the successful demonstration of the new landing burn strategy, SpaceX is now poised to transition to the V3 Starship, which will incorporate further upgrades to engines, heat shields, and orbital refueling capabilities.
The data gathered from this test will inform not only future Starship flights but also the broader industry push toward reusable rocketry. As competitors and collaborators alike observe SpaceX’s progress, the standards for launch vehicle design and operational efficiency continue to evolve.
“This 11th test flight is a significant step forward in demonstrating the capabilities required for fully reusable orbital-class launch vehicles.”
Broader Implications and Future Prospects
Economic and Operational Impact
One of the most profound impacts of SpaceX’s progress with Super Heavy and Starship is the potential for radically reduced launch costs. Full reusability means that both stages of the rocket can be refurbished and reflown, eliminating the need to build entirely new vehicles for each mission. This paradigm shift could make space access more affordable for governments, researchers, and private enterprises alike.
Operationally, the rapid turnaround enabled by reusable vehicles stands to increase launch frequency. This is critical for the deployment of large satellite constellations, such as Starlink, as well as for supporting future lunar and Martian missions. The hover and landing test demonstrated that complex maneuvers can be performed reliably, paving the way for high-cadence operations.
As SpaceX transitions to the V3 Starship, further improvements in heat shielding, engine performance, and orbital refueling are expected. These enhancements will be crucial for deep space missions, including crewed landings on the Moon and Mars, as outlined in various public plans and statements by the company.
Challenges and Industry Response
Despite these achievements, significant challenges remain. Perfecting the landing and reuse of such large vehicles involves complex engineering, rigorous testing, and the management of unforeseen anomalies. Each test flight provides new data, but also exposes the system to potential failures that must be addressed before operational reliability can be assured.
The broader industry has taken note of SpaceX’s progress. Other launch providers are exploring reusability, but none have yet matched the scale or frequency of SpaceX’s test campaign. The company’s iterative approach, test, learn, repeat, has set a new standard for how rapid innovation can be achieved in the space sector.
Expert opinions highlight the importance of redundancy and system robustness. The shift to a five-engine divert phase, for example, reflects an understanding that reliability is as important as raw performance. As the industry moves toward more ambitious missions, including crewed flights and interplanetary travel, these lessons will be critical for ensuring safety and mission success.
Looking Ahead: The Next Generation
The conclusion of the second-generation Starship’s flight campaign signals the beginning of a new chapter. The forthcoming V3 Starship is expected to incorporate lessons learned from previous tests, with upgrades aimed at supporting more demanding missions. Features such as improved heat shields and orbital refueling will be essential for sustained lunar and Martian operations.
The successful hover test also has implications for regulatory and public perception. Demonstrating safe, controlled landings over water builds confidence among stakeholders, including government agencies and commercial partners. As SpaceX continues to push the boundaries, the results of these tests will inform policy and future development across the industry.
Ultimately, the drive toward full reusability is about more than cost savings, it represents a fundamental shift in humanity’s relationship with space. By making access to orbit routine and affordable, SpaceX and its competitors are laying the groundwork for a future in which space is within reach for a much broader segment of society.
“The new landing burn strategy tested in this flight is the planned baseline for the V3 Super Heavy booster, which will feature significant upgrades to engines, heat shields, and capabilities.”
Conclusion
The October 2025 Super Heavy hover and landing test was a landmark achievement for SpaceX and the broader space industry. By successfully demonstrating a new multi-engine landing sequence and controlled hover, SpaceX has taken a critical step toward realizing the vision of fully reusable rockets. This capability promises to lower costs, increase access, and accelerate the pace of space exploration.
As SpaceX transitions to the next generation of Starship vehicles, the lessons learned from this and previous tests will inform the design and operation of future missions. The implications extend far beyond any single company, shaping the trajectory of spaceflight for years to come and inspiring a new wave of innovation across the industry.
FAQ
What was the main objective of the recent Super Heavy hover test?
The primary objective was to demonstrate a new landing burn sequence using a multi-engine approach, increasing redundancy and control during the booster’s descent and splashdown.
How did the landing sequence differ from previous tests?
Unlike earlier tests that used three engines for landing, this test began with 13 engines and transitioned to five for the divert phase, then three for the hover and splashdown, providing greater redundancy and reliability.
What are the next steps for SpaceX’s Starship program?
SpaceX plans to move to the next-generation “V3” Starship, which will incorporate upgrades to engines, heat shields, and capabilities such as orbital refueling, informed by data from the latest test flights.
Why is rocket reusability important?
Reusability reduces the cost and time required for each launch, making space access more affordable and enabling higher launch frequencies for a wide range of missions.
Sources
Photo Credit: SpaceX
Space & Satellites
NASA Restructures Artemis Program, Targets 2028 Moon Landing
NASA redefines Artemis III as a 2027 LEO demo and targets 2028 for the first crewed lunar landing with SpaceX or Blue Origin.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has fundamentally restructured its Artemis program, redefining the Artemis III mission as a low Earth orbit demonstration in 2027 and pushing the first crewed lunar landing to 2028. The agency has also unassigned specific landers for the initial landing missions, creating a direct competition between its two commercial providers based on hardware readiness.
In a press release issued on October 23, 2026, NASA announced it has updated the concepts of operations for its commercial human landing system (HLS) providers, Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) and Blue Origin. The realignment is designed to accelerate lander development and mitigate technical risks as the agency prepares to establish a long-term presence at the Lunar South Pole.
Redefining Artemis III and the race to 2028
Under the original Artemis architecture, SpaceX was assigned to provide the lander for the Artemis III and IV missions, while Blue Origin was contracted for Artemis V. The October 23 announcement dissolves those specific assignments. Both providers will now participate in the redefined Artemis III mission, which will launch in 2027 to demonstrate rendezvous and docking capabilities between test versions of the commercial landers and the Orion spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO).
The first crewed lunar landing is now targeted for 2028. NASA will select either SpaceX or Blue Origin for this initial landing based on which company demonstrates lander readiness first, with a second crewed landing opportunity to follow for the other provider. During these initial surface missions, two crew members will descend to the lunar surface for two approximately two-hour-long moonwalks, while two astronauts remain aboard the Orion spacecraft.
NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman emphasized the agency’s aggressive new posture regarding the timeline.
“We have a proven foundation in SLS and Orion, along with two lunar landers in development with Blue Origin and SpaceX. But NASA has no intention of sitting idly by as all the pieces come together. That is not how Apollo succeeded, and it is not how the near-impossible is achieved. NASA is energized, our core capabilities are being rebuilt, our machine shops are running 24/7, and our experts are in the field attacking the critical path. We are building a Super Bowl-caliber team to safely achieve these objectives and everything that comes next.”
Updated concepts of operations for SpaceX and Blue Origin
To meet the 2028 target, both commercial providers have significantly altered their mission architectures. SpaceX has updated its concept of operations for the Starship HLS. The new plan involves launching multiple tanker Starships to LEO to transfer cryogenic propellant to a depot Starship, which will then fuel the Starship lander. The lander will rendezvous and dock with the Orion spacecraft in Earth orbit and perform a trans-lunar injection burn to send the combined stack to low lunar orbit. To facilitate this, NASA is modifying the Orion spacecraft to enable Starship to push it to the Moon. SpaceX is also adding two demonstrations of its crew cabin to reduce risk.
Blue Origin has taken a different approach with its Blue Moon Mark 2 Alpha Lander. The company is deferring propellant transfer entirely for the initial missions. Instead, Blue Origin will use three transfer stages to send the lander to the Moon, operating similarly to a multistage rocket. The combined stack will depart for an elliptical polar orbit around the Moon. According to NASA, this orbital path reduces propellant requirements and maximizes the performance of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket compared to the previously planned near-rectilinear halo orbit. Blue Origin is also adding new human-in-the-loop testing and hardware readiness milestones.
Jeremy Parsons, NASA’s Artemis program manager, stated that updating the contracts ensures the agency and its partners are aligned on requirements and milestones. He noted that NASA and the lunar lander providers have been working closely to ensure the return of American astronauts to the Moon by 2028.
The commercial human landing system program history
The HLS program utilizes a public-private partnership model with firm-fixed-price, milestone-based contracts, a departure from traditional cost-plus government procurement. NASA awarded the initial $2.89 billion HLS contract to SpaceX in April 2021. Two years later, in May 2023, the agency selected Blue Origin as the second Artemis lunar lander provider under a $3.4 billion contract.
The push to accelerate development follows a period of programmatic reassessment. In March 2026, NASA hosted “Ignition Day,” announcing architecture updates that initiated the realignment of the HLS contracts. That same month, a report from the NASA Office of Inspector General (OIG) highlighted that while the fixed-price approach effectively controlled costs, both SpaceX and Blue Origin faced schedule delays, technical difficulties, and integration challenges. These findings prompted NASA to work directly with the companies to streamline designs and accelerate development to secure the 2028 landing date.
AirPro News analysis
The decision to unassign specific missions from SpaceX and Blue Origin represents a major shift in NASA’s procurement and operational strategy. By effectively pitting the two aerospace manufacturers against each other in a race to flight readiness, NASA is leveraging commercial competition to mitigate the schedule delays identified by the OIG earlier this year. Moving the Artemis III docking demonstration to low Earth orbit removes the immediate pressure of a lunar landing while still validating critical rendezvous hardware.
The technical changes are equally significant. Modifying the Orion spacecraft to be pushed by the Starship lander indicates a deeper integration of commercial hardware into the core Artemis architecture, blurring the lines between government-owned and commercially operated vehicles. Meanwhile, Blue Origin’s shift to a multistage transfer approach and an elliptical polar orbit demonstrates a willingness to bypass complex in-orbit propellant transfer requirements in favor of more traditional, albeit heavy-lift dependent, orbital mechanics to meet the 2028 deadline.
Photo Credit: NASA
Space & Satellites
BAE Systems Acquires Colorado Facility for Space Hardware
BAE Systems buys a 130,000-sq-ft facility in Weld County, Colorado, backed by nearly $20M in tax incentives for space hardware production.
BAE Systems has acquired a 130,000-square-foot production facility in Weld County, Colorado, to scale up its domestic manufacturing capacity for space-based hardware, software-defined radios, and sensor systems.
The property purchase, announced in a company press release on October 21, 2026, marks a major infrastructure investment for the defense contractor’s Space & Mission Systems division. The expansion is supported by nearly $20 million in state and federal tax incentives, reflecting a broader governmental push to secure domestic supply chains for critical aerospace technologies.
Facility details and economic incentives
Located at 4120 Specialty Place in unincorporated Weld County near Firestone, the new facility sits on a 13-acre campus. BAE Systems plans to spend the remainder of 2026 and all of 2027 retrofitting the building and procuring specialized manufacturing equipment. Production operations are anticipated to commence in early 2028.
The project advanced with substantial financial backing from the state of Colorado. The Colorado Economic Development Commission (EDC) approved a performance-based Job Growth Incentive Tax Credit valued at up to $11,184,835 over an eight-year period. The company also secured up to $8.6 million in CHIPS Refundable Tax Credits. Both incentive packages are contingent upon the company meeting specific net new job creation and salary requirements.
BAE Systems expects to hire more than 200 new employees over the next 12 to 24 months to staff the facility. At full operational capacity, the site could accommodate up to 600 workers.
“We look forward to expanding our production capabilities in Colorado with our first facility in Weld County. The support we received from the Weld County Commissioners and the State of Colorado played a key role in our ability to locate this essential production work for the company in Colorado, extending our manufacturing presence in the state,” said Alexis Wang, Vice President of Operations for BAE Systems.
Local and state officials highlighted the economic impact of the aerospace sector in the region. Colorado Governor Jared Polis noted that the investment will bring hundreds of jobs to Weld County, solidifying the state as a hub for advanced manufacturing. Scott James, Chair of the Weld County Board of Commissioners, stated that projects of this scale strengthen the entire industry ecosystem and create new opportunities across the region.
Integrating the Ball Aerospace acquisition
The Weld County expansion is a direct continuation of BAE Systems’ strategy to grow its footprint in the space sector, a push that accelerated significantly in early 2024. In February 2024, the company completed its $5.6 billion acquisition of Ball Aerospace, which formed the core of its newly established Space & Mission Systems division.
The new Firestone location joins an established network of Colorado production facilities inherited and expanded through the Ball Aerospace deal, including sites in Boulder, Broomfield, and Westminster. During the state regulatory and EDC review process in June 2026, the expansion project was shielded under the codenames “Project Mercury” and “Project Sodium” before the official site selection was made public.
Meeting Department of Defense space requirements
The physical expansion in Colorado aligns with an increased operational tempo for BAE Systems in securing United States Space Force and Department of Defense (DoD) contracts. The military is currently driving a rapid transition toward resilient satellite architectures, advanced missile warning systems, and secure communications networks, requiring contractors to scale up their hardware production capabilities.
In October 2026, Space Systems Command selected BAE Systems to design and demonstrate jam-resistant radio frequency terminals for a space-based data layer. This program relies heavily on the type of software-defined radios that the new Weld County facility is slated to produce.
This follows another major milestone in September 2026, when the company completed the critical design review for the U.S. Space Force’s Resilient Missile Warning and Tracking Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Epoch 2 program.
The Colorado site purchase is part of a wider domestic manufacturing investment strategy by the company. In May 2026, BAE Systems announced a $135 million self-funded investment to upgrade its manufacturing sites in Hudson, New Hampshire, and Austin, Texas, aimed at speeding the delivery of critical systems for U.S. military readiness.
AirPro News analysis
We view the Weld County facility acquisition as a clear indicator of how rapidly BAE Systems is moving to capitalize on its $5.6 billion purchase of Ball Aerospace. By establishing a dedicated, high-capacity manufacturing center for space hardware, the company is positioning itself to transition from research and development contracts into full-scale production for the U.S. Space Force’s proliferated satellite architectures.
The successful application of CHIPS Refundable Tax Credits for this facility is equally notable. It demonstrates the growing overlap between semiconductor manufacturing incentives and national security space programs. As the Department of Defense demands more secure, domestically produced microelectronics and software-defined radios for orbital assets, defense contractors that can leverage federal and state industrial policy funds will hold a distinct capital advantage in scaling their production lines.
Photo Credit: BAE Systems
Space & Satellites
Firefly Aerospace Completes Elytra PDR for NASA MoonFall
Firefly Aerospace passed the Elytra spacecraft PDR less than four months after its $75M JPL subcontract for the 2028 MoonFall mission.
Firefly Aerospace Inc. has completed the Preliminary Design Review for its Elytra spacecraft, clearing a critical engineering hurdle to deliver four Jet Propulsion Laboratory drones to the lunar south pole for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
The milestone, announced in a company press release on October 21, 2026, was achieved less than four months after Firefly secured the $75 million subcontract. The successful review confirms the spacecraft design meets mission requirements and allows the program to advance toward its Critical Design Review and subsequent hardware production.
Accelerating the MoonFall mission timeline
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced the MoonFall mission on March 24, 2026, as part of the agency’s Ignition event. On May 26, 2026, Firefly Aerospace received the $75 million subcontract from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to execute the delivery phase of the mission.
Completing the Preliminary Design Review (PDR) validates the core architecture of the Elytra spacecraft. The company will now proceed to the Critical Design Review (CDR), which precedes final hardware production and assembly. The MoonFall mission is currently targeting a launch window in late 2028.
“Completing PDR less than four months after contract award is a testament to the speed and rigor Firefly brings to every mission,” said Ray Allensworth, Vice President of Spacecraft at Firefly Aerospace.
Allensworth noted that the company is rapidly scaling spacecraft production to support MoonFall and a growing manifest of lunar surface missions.
Elytra spacecraft and drone deployment mechanics
The mission profile requires the Elytra spacecraft to complete a 45-day transit from Earth orbit to lunar orbit. Once positioned approximately 50 kilometers above the lunar south pole, the Elytra vehicle will deploy the four JPL-built drones.
Each drone weighs approximately 550 pounds including propellant and measures 7 feet in diameter by 4 feet in height. Built on the engineering legacy of the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter, the drones are designed to cover a total range of 50 kilometers via multiple propulsive flights.
The primary surface operations will last for 14 Earth days, equivalent to one lunar day. During this period, the drones will utilize high-definition optical cameras, designated as the Lunar Dashcam, alongside instruments such as a neutron spectrometer. The objective is to map the lunar terrain and locate resources, including water ice, within permanently shadowed regions.
Leveraging proven lunar architecture
Established in 2017 and headquartered in Cedar Park, Texas, Firefly Aerospace develops launch vehicles, lunar landers, and orbital vehicles. To meet the accelerated MoonFall timeline, the Elytra spacecraft incorporates proven systems from the company’s Blue Ghost Mission 1.
Shared components include core avionics, carbon composite structures, and Spectre engines. By utilizing existing hardware designs, Firefly aims to reduce developmental risks for the orbital vehicle. NASA will procure the launch vehicle for the MoonFall mission through a separate contract.
The mission supports the broader Artemis program by scouting potential landing sites and resources ahead of crewed missions. Firefly Aerospace CEO Jason Kim previously stated that the subcontract underscores the commitment of the company to executing challenging missions that push the boundaries of lunar exploration.
The MoonFall subcontract has become a primary growth driver for the Texas-based manufacturer. On August 11, 2026, Firefly reported record second-quarter revenue of $117.7 million, representing a 659 percent year-over-year increase. Following the PDR completion announcement on October 21, 2026, shares of Firefly Aerospace climbed 3.6 percent in early trading.
AirPro News analysis
The rapid four-month turnaround from contract award to Preliminary Design Review demonstrates Firefly Aerospace’s maturation from a launch startup into a prime contractor capable of executing complex deep-space logistics. By utilizing existing Blue Ghost architecture for the Elytra vehicle, the company is minimizing developmental friction and protecting its profit margins on the $75 million firm-fixed-price subcontract. This execution speed positions Firefly favorably for future Artemis program contracts as NASA increasingly relies on commercial partners for lunar infrastructure and scouting operations.
Photo Credit: Firefly Aerospace
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