Regulations & Safety
Family Files Lawsuit Over Deadly 2025 Washington DC Mid-Air Collision
The Crafton family sues FAA, Army, and airlines over the 2025 Washington DC mid-air collision that killed 67, citing systemic safety failures.
The January 29, 2025 mid-air collision over Washington D.C. marked the deadliest U.S. aviation disaster in over two decades. In September 2025, the family of Casey Crafton, a victim of the crash, filed a comprehensive federal lawsuit against the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the U.S. Army, American Airlines, and PSA Airlines. The lawsuit alleges that decades of documented safety issues and ignored warnings created conditions that made the tragedy all but inevitable. With at least 67 fatalities, the incident has become a focal point for systemic aviation safety failures and legal accountability.
This article examines the background of the collision, the details and implications of the lawsuit, technical and operational failures, historical context, and the broader impact on families and the aviation industry. By analyzing official reports, expert testimony, and industry responses, we aim to provide a factual, neutral, and comprehensive overview of this watershed moment in U.S. aviation safety.
On the evening of January 29, 2025, American Airlines Flight 5342, a Bombardier CRJ700 operated by PSA Airlines, was on final approach to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. The aircraft, carrying 60 passengers and 4 crew members, collided with a U.S. Army Sikorsky UH-60L Black Hawk helicopter at an altitude of approximately 300 feet, about half a mile southeast of the airport threshold. All 67 people on both aircraft were killed. The incident was captured on video by a webcam at the Kennedy Center, providing investigators with crucial visual evidence.
The Black Hawk, with 3 crew members aboard, had departed Fort Belvoir for a pilot evaluation flight using night vision goggles. Weather conditions were favorable: night visual meteorological conditions, 10 miles visibility, and 14-knot winds. Despite these, both aircraft were destroyed, marking the first major U.S. commercial aviation accident since 2009 and the deadliest since 2001.
Key events leading to the collision included a late runway change for Flight 5342, placing it on a path intersecting with the helicopter’s authorized route. Radio communications show the helicopter crew reported visual contact with the airliner, but investigators question whether they were tracking the correct aircraft. A crucial air traffic control instruction to the helicopter was not received due to overlapping radio transmissions. Flight data recorders indicate a last-second attempt by the CRJ700 crew to avoid the collision, but the impact was unavoidable.
The lawsuit filed by Rachel Crafton, widow of Casey Crafton, is structured as a comprehensive complaint intended to serve as a model for at least 60 other victim families. Filed in federal court, it targets the FAA, U.S. Army, American Airlines, and PSA Airlines, alleging systemic negligence and regulatory failure. The complaint asserts that the collision resulted from patterns of ignored safety warnings, insufficient air traffic control procedures, faulty helicopter altimeters, and dangerous flight route designs.
Against the FAA, the suit alleges failure to address more than 30 near-miss incidents in the Washington airspace and to maintain adequate separation standards between helicopters and commercial aircraft. The U.S. Army is accused of allowing helicopters to operate above authorized altitudes, using altimeters with known inaccuracies, and failing to consider commercial air traffic in risk assessments. The Army’s lack of ADS-B Out transponder activation is also cited as a critical failure.
The airlines are alleged to have failed in pilot training, risk management, and operational policies, specifically, in not adequately preparing crews for the unique hazards of the Washington D.C. airspace and in allowing acceptance of risky runway changes. The lawsuit controversially suggests that the PSA Airlines pilots could have acted sooner to avoid the collision after receiving a traffic alert. The suit seeks unspecified monetary damages and, more broadly, aims to push for systemic safety reforms. “This crash was predictable and preventable. All the named defendants utterly failed in their responsibilities to the traveling public.”
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation exposed a range of technical and systemic failures. Most notably, the Army Black Hawk’s barometric altimeter was off by 80 to 100 feet, placing the helicopter well above its authorized 200-foot route. Tests of other helicopters from the same unit revealed similar discrepancies, indicating a systemic problem with aging military altimeter technology.
Even at the correct altitude, published helicopter routes provided only 75 feet of vertical separation from landing commercial aircraft. NTSB data showed that between 2021 and 2024, there were over 15,000 instances of commercial aircraft and helicopters coming within one nautical mile and 400 feet vertically at Reagan National, and 85 cases of even closer encounters. Staffing shortages at the airport further exacerbated risks, with only 20 certified controllers for a facility requiring 30, forcing single controllers to manage both fixed-wing and rotary traffic.
Communication failures were critical: a key instruction to the helicopter was missed due to overlapping transmissions, and the PSA Airlines crew was not warned about the helicopter. The Army’s practice of operating helicopters without ADS-B Out transponders further reduced situational awareness. Nighttime operations, common in the area, were found to increase risk, with two-thirds of near-miss events occurring at night.
“The margin for error was so small that any combination of equipment failures, communication problems, or human errors could lead to catastrophic results.”
The Reagan National airspace has a long history of near-miss incidents and documented safety concerns. At least 15 reports since 1991 detail dangerously close encounters between helicopters and commercial aircraft, with multiple warnings that the airspace was “an accident waiting to happen.” A 2015 incident closely mirrored the 2025 tragedy, involving a last-minute runway change and a near-collision with a helicopter at low altitude.
Industry experts and pilots repeatedly raised concerns about inadequate separation standards, communication difficulties, and lack of awareness regarding helicopter routes. Despite these warnings, substantial reforms were not implemented. The increasing volume and complexity of traffic, commercial, military, and VIP, made the airspace progressively more hazardous without corresponding improvements to procedures or technology.
Regulatory authorities’ failure to act on known risks is a central theme in both the lawsuit and expert commentary. The compromise of integrating helicopter and fixed-wing operations around the nation’s capital created a situation where perfect execution was required to avoid disaster, a standard that proved unsustainable in practice.
At the time of the collision, Reagan National Airport was operating with two-thirds of the required air traffic control staff, forcing six-day work weeks and combined management of both aircraft and helicopter traffic by single controllers. This operational compromise removed critical redundancy and increased the risk of human error.
The national air traffic control system faces a shortfall of approximately 3,000 controllers, leading to flight restrictions in some regions but not at Reagan National. NTSB hearings revealed that operational stress, fatigue, and insufficient oversight contributed to dangerous conditions. Communication overload, as seen on the night of the crash, was a recurring issue in the congested D.C. airspace. Clark Allen, operations manager at the time, testified that the accident was the result of years of systemic issues, not just a single night’s failure. The FAA’s delayed disclosure of tower personnel further complicated the investigation and highlighted transparency concerns.
“The accident did not occur that night. It was the result of problems that had been building over many years.”
In response to the collision, the FAA implemented stricter rules at Reagan National, including dedicated controllers for helicopter traffic. The NTSB issued urgent recommendations to redesign helicopter routes and improve separation standards. The Army permanently closed the route used by the Black Hawk on the night of the crash and acknowledged the need to upgrade aging helicopter avionics.
The aviation industry is reassessing training, operational policies, and technology adoption, particularly regarding ADS-B Out transponders and integration of military and civilian operations. The collision has also intensified debates over air traffic control modernization, privatization, and resource allocation.
Insurance and liability implications are significant, with potential settlements or judgments reaching hundreds of millions of dollars. The legal precedent set by this case may influence regulatory behavior and industry risk management practices for years to come.
Beyond technical and regulatory failures, the tragedy’s human toll is profound. Casey Crafton, a dedicated aviation safety professional, left behind a wife and three young sons. The family’s grief is compounded by the knowledge that the system he trusted failed him. Similar stories are echoed among the other 66 victims, including children, athletes, union workers, and military crew.
Families have united in seeking accountability and reform, supporting each other through memorials, fundraising, and advocacy. The psychological and developmental impact on surviving children and loved ones is incalculable. For many, the lawsuit is not only about compensation but about ensuring such a preventable tragedy never occurs again.
Community support has been strong, with tribute events such as the Skating Club of Boston’s fundraiser and widespread public recognition of the loss. The broader social impact underlines the far-reaching consequences of aviation safety failures.
“His entire career was in the aviation industry… Yet, because of systematic failures and reckless disregard for safety, his life, along with 66 others, was taken. Casey was betrayed by this system he trusted.”
The Crafton lawsuit is expected to be the first of many, with over 60 families likely to join consolidated litigation. Legal challenges include establishing government liability under the Federal Tort Claims Act and proving corporate negligence by airlines. The suit’s strategy targets joint and several liability, recognizing the complex interplay of regulatory, operational, and individual failures. Government liability cases face procedural hurdles and sovereign immunity considerations. Claims against airlines focus on whether they had adequate knowledge of risks and implemented sufficient preventive measures. The inclusion of pilot performance in the allegations adds further complexity, balancing professional responsibility with the reality that the pilots were also victims.
Financially, the case could result in substantial settlements or judgments, with insurance implications for both the airlines and the federal government. The litigation is likely to produce extensive documentation that could drive further regulatory reforms and influence future aviation safety policy and industry practices.
The January 29, 2025 collision and subsequent legal action have exposed deep systemic flaws in U.S. aviation safety, regulatory oversight, and operational management. The tragedy was not a random occurrence but the result of decades of ignored warnings, inadequate resources, and institutional complacency. The Crafton family’s lawsuit represents a demand for accountability and a catalyst for meaningful reform.
Looking ahead, the incident is likely to prompt comprehensive changes in airspace management, military-civilian coordination, equipment modernization, and air traffic control staffing. The legal proceedings and NTSB findings will shape aviation policy, industry standards, and public expectations for years to come. The ultimate measure of success will be the prevention of future tragedies and the restoration of public trust in the safety systems designed to protect all who travel.
What caused the January 29, 2025 Washington D.C. mid-air collision? Who has been named in the lawsuit filed by the Crafton family? What changes have been made since the collision? How many people died in the crash? What broader impact might this lawsuit have?
Family Files Landmark Lawsuit Against Government and Airlines Following Deadly Washington D.C. Mid-Air Collision
Background and Details of the January 29, 2025 Collision
The Landmark Lawsuit: Allegations and Legal Strategy
Technical Findings and Systemic Safety Failures
Historical Context: Decades of Documented Safety Concerns
Air Traffic Control Challenges and Staffing Crisis
Industry Impact and Regulatory Response
Human Cost and Family Impact
Legal and Financial Implications
Conclusion and Future Implications
FAQ
The collision resulted from a combination of factors: inadequate separation standards between helicopter and aircraft routes, technical issues with helicopter altimeters, communication failures in the control tower, and systemic staffing shortages in air traffic control.
The lawsuit names the U.S. government (FAA and Army), American Airlines, and PSA Airlines as defendants, alleging systemic negligence and regulatory failures.
The FAA has implemented stricter air traffic control procedures at Reagan National, including dedicated helicopter controllers. The Army has closed the specific helicopter route involved, and the NTSB has recommended comprehensive reviews of route design and equipment upgrades.
All 67 people aboard the two aircraft, 60 passengers and 4 crew on the CRJ700, and 3 crew on the Black Hawk, were killed.
The case could set important legal and regulatory precedents for government and airline accountability, influence aviation industry practices, and drive reforms in air traffic control and military-civilian integration.
Sources
Photo Credit: USCG